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Control & Movement > Control L11&12 ascending pathways I&II > Flashcards

Control L11&12 ascending pathways I&II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main pathways for the body?

A

Spinothalamic pathway
Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

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2
Q

What sensation is sent in the spinothalamic pathway?

A

Pain
Temperature
Crude touch
Some pressure

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3
Q

What sensation is sent through the dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway?

A

Discriminative touch
Vibration
Conscious proprioception
Some pressure

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4
Q

What is the main ascending pathway for the head?

A

Trigeminal sensory pathways

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5
Q

What sensation is sent through each of the trigeminal sensory pathways?

A

Pain and temperature
Crude touch
Discriminative touch
Conscious proprioception

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6
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

Post central gyrus

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7
Q

What information is perceived at the somatosensory cortex?

A

Pain and temperature sensation and touch sensation

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8
Q

Why do we have different types of sensation?

A

Due to presence of different sensory receptors/specialised nerve endings that detect different modalities (e.g. vibration, pain temperature etc..)

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9
Q

Which direction do sensory pathways travel?

A

From the peripheral nerves into the CNS and ascend through the spinal cord/brainstem to the brain

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10
Q

Why do we have dermatones?

A

As specific areas of skin and the body are innervated by the sensory fibres of a single segmental spinal nerve/cranial nerve. Therefore areas supplied by the same spinal cord segment are in the same dermatone.

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11
Q

What virus can infect the sensory roots of specific spinal nerves?

A

Herpes zoster (virus that causes chickenpox and shingles)

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12
Q

What are the three parts of the grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal grey horn
Lateral grey horn
Ventral grey horn

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13
Q

What are the 4 parts of the white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal white column
Lateral white column
Ventral white column
Ventral white commissure

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14
Q

What is a commissure?

A

An area where spinal fibres can cross over allowing axons to travel from one side of the body to the other

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15
Q

In what spinal vertebrae is the lateral grey horn found?

A

T1-L2 and S2-S4

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16
Q

What sensation travels in the DCML pathway?

A

Fine touch
Discriminative touch
Vibration
Pressure
Proprioception

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17
Q

What is the role of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Carry descending motor fibres from the cerebral cortex to the muscles for voluntary movement

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18
Q

What sensation travels in the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain
Temperature
Crude touch

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19
Q

What is the role of the ventral corticospinal tract?

A

Involved in voluntary movements of the trunk and limbs due to the descending motor pathway travelling via this tract.

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20
Q

Where is the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

In the posterolateral aspect of the spinal cord

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21
Q

Where is the ventral corticospinal tract?

A

Aka the anterior corticospinal tract, it is located in the middle of the spinal cord laterally to the anterior median fissure, medially to the ventral and lateral grey horns and inferiorly to the grey matter commissure.

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22
Q

How many neurones are typically involved in a sensory pathway?

A

3

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23
Q

What are the 3 neurones involved in the general sensory pathway?

A

1 = pseudounipolar neurone that has a cell body in the sensory ganglion. Takes sensation from the sensory receptor to the CNS
2 = axon of second neuron crosses the midline and ascends to the ventral posterior thalamus
3 = axon of third neuron projects to post central gyrus in the parietal lobe

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24
Q

Where does the spinothalamic pathway travel?

A

From primary neuron receptor along primary neuron (whose cell body is in the dorsal root ganglion) and synapses at level of entry of the spinal cord. Secondary axon crosses to other side of the spinal cord and ascends through the spinothalamic tract in the spinal cord. Travels through the brain stem into the thalamus at the ventral posterolateral nucleus where it synapses with the third neuron which travels through the posterior limb of the internal capsule to the post-central gyrus,

25
Q

Where does the primary neuron of the spinothalamic pathway enter the spinal cord?

A

Via Lissauer’s tract into the dorsal grey horn

26
Q

Where does the primary neuron synapse with the secondary neuron is the spinothalamic pathway?

A

Dorsal grey horn of the spinal cord

27
Q

How is the spinothalamic tract organised?

A

Somatotopically
Medial to lateral = arms, trunk legs

28
Q

At what nucleus/lamina does the primary neuron synapse in the spinal cord? Which specific one of these doe pain and temperature neurones synapse?

A

Marginal zone = lamina 1
Substantia gelatinosa = lamina 2 (pain and temperature synapse here)
Nucleus proprius = lamina 3

29
Q

At what spinal level does pain and temperature synapse compared to crude touch?

A

Pain and temperature at same level as where sensation received
Crude touch sensory neurone ascends within the spinal cord between 1 and 2 levels before synapsing with the secondary neuron

30
Q

Why do the axons of sensory neurones for pain and temperature travel differently in the spinal cord to curds touch neurones?

A

To segregate the two pathways

31
Q

At what level of the spinal cord do we have cuneate fascicles?

A

above (not including) T6

32
Q

In what matter of the spinal cord does the dorsal column medial lemniscus oathway travel?

A

White matter

33
Q

How does sensation from the DCML pathway reach the brain?

A

The primary neurone enters the spinal cord and jump into the white matter and ascends in the gracile fascicles on the same side (or cuneate fascicles if enter above T6) to the closed medulla. Synapses at the closed medulla at the gracile/cuneate nucleus with second neurone cell body and crosses the midline to enter the medial lemniscus to travel to the thalamus (VPL) and synapse here with the third neurone which travels to the post central gyrus

34
Q

What are the two dorsal columns in the spinal cord?

A

Gracile and cuneate fascicles

35
Q

How are the ascending fibres in the dorsal column organised?

A

Somatotopically

36
Q

What is a name for the axons of the secondary neurones which cross the midline of the medulla?

A

Internal arcuate fibres

37
Q

How can you identify if a spinal cross section is cervical or thoracic?

A

Cervical will have a larger anterior grey horn and no lateral horn
Thoracic will have a smaller anterior grey horn plus a lateral horn

38
Q

What part of the internal capsule do ascending sensory axons travel in to reach the post central gyrus?

A

Posterior limb of internal capsule

39
Q

What is it called when nerve axons travel in the spinal cord on the same side as the sensation was received? What about the opposite side?

A

Same = travels ipsilaterally
Opposite = contralaterally

40
Q

What input pathways can modify the journey of sensory transmission?

A

Convergence
divergence
Descending pathways

41
Q

How does the somatotopic organisation of the spinothalamic tract differ to in the post central gyrus?

A

Arms, trunk legs organised medially to laterally in the spinothalamic tract
Arms trunk legs is organised laterally to medially in the post central gyrus

42
Q

What are the properties of nerve fibres that carry information on pain, temperature, crude touch and some pressure?

A

thin, poorly myelinated or unmyelinated fibres
Relatively slow conduction

43
Q

What are the properties of the nerve fibres that carry information on discriminative touch (2-point discrimination and pressure), proprioception and vibration?

A

large diameter, heavily myelinated fibres
Fast conduction

44
Q

Somatic sensory fibres from which CN run within the trigeminal sensory nucleus to the thalamus?

A

Trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

45
Q

Where is the trigeminal sensory nucleus located?

A

In the brainstem

46
Q

How many parts of the trigeminal sensory nucleus are there?

A

3

47
Q

What are the 3 parts of the trigemnial sensory nucleus?

A

Mesencephalic nucleus
Pontine/Chief sensory nucleus
Spinal nucleus

48
Q

Where does the trigeminal motor nuclei lie in relation to the trigemnial sensory nucleus?

A

Medially to the sensory nuclei

49
Q

Where are the primary neuron cell bodies of the trigeminal nerve (except one)?

A

In the trigeminal ganglion

50
Q

Where are each section of the trigemnial nucleus located within the brainstem?

A

Mesencephalic = midbrain
Pontine/chief = pons
Spinal = medulla

51
Q

What sensation of the face is sent to the Mesencephalic nucleus?

A

Proprioception

52
Q

What sensation of the face is sent to the pontine/chief nucleus?

A

discriminative touch

53
Q

What sensations of the face are sent to the spinal nucleus?

A

Simple touch and pressure, pain and temperature

54
Q

What sensory fibre cell bodies are not located in the trigemnial ganglion but in the CNS? Where are they located instead?

A

Proprioception fibres
Their cell bodies are found in the Mesencephalic nucleus

55
Q

What is the pathway of pain and temperature sensation of the face?

A

Primary neuron (cell body in trigemnial ganglion) descends in the spinal tract of the trigemnial nucleus to the (caudal) spinal nucleus where it synapses with the secondary fibre. The secondary axon ascends in the trigeminothalamic tract o the opposite side of the brainstem to the VPM of the thalamus.

56
Q

What is the pathway for crude touch and pressure sensation of the face?

A

Primary neuron (cell body in the trigemnial ganglion) descends in the spinal tract of the trigemnial nucleus to the rostral part of the spinal nucleus where it synapses with the secondary neuron. The secondary neuron ascends in the trigeminothalamic tract on the opposite side of the brainstem to the VPM of the thalamus.

57
Q

How does the pain and temperature pathway for the face differ from the body?

A

In spinothalamic the fibres cross at the level of entry
In trigeminothalamic the fibres cross below the level of entry

58
Q

What is the pathway for discriminative touch sensation of the face?

A

Primary neuron (cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion) enters the brainstem at level of the pons and synapses with second neuron at the pontine nucleus. The secondary neuron crosses the brainstem to the contralateral side and ascends to the VPM of the thalamus in the trigeminothalamic tract.

59
Q

What is the pathway for proprioception sensation of the face?

A

Primary neurons (cell bodies in the mesencephalic nucleus) enter the brainstem at the level of the midbrain/top of pons and some fibres synapse, alongside/next to the mesencephalic nucleus, with the secondary neuron. The other fibres synapse with motor neurones in the trigemnial motor nucleus which travel to the muscles of mastication. The secondary sensory neuron ascends contralaterally to the VPM of the thalamus in the trigeminothalamic tract.

Control & Movement (36 decks)

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