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Control & Movement > Control L16 cerebellum > Flashcards

Control L16 cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What brain structures are control centres for regulating activity of descending pathways?

A

Cerebellum
Basal ganglia

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2
Q

What are the three functional subdivision of the cerebellum?

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

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3
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

To co-ordinate movements (time, force and duration of muscle contraction)
Maintain equilibrium, balance and posture
may store instructions for patterns of movements
May have linguistic and cognitive functions

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4
Q

What is the positional anatomy of the cerebellum?

A

Found under the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemisphere and attached to the brainstem by three paired cerebellar peduncles (white matter fibre bundles)

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5
Q

What are the three cerebellar peduncles?

A

Superior cerebella peduncles (SCP)
Middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP)
Inferior cerebellar peduncles (ICP)

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6
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the cerebellum?

A

Has two hemispheres connected by the vermis.
Each hemisphere has two lobes - anterior and posterior lobes.
On inferior view has tonsils towards the midline
Also has flocculonodule lobe on the ventral/anterior aspect

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7
Q

Where can the tonsils of the cerebellum herniate and what structure is affected?

A

Through foramen magnum compressing the medulla

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8
Q

What is the vestibulocerebellum aka?

A

Archicerebellum

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9
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebllum?

A

Involved in balance and eye movements to maintain constancy of visual fields

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10
Q

What part of the cerebellum is the vestibulocerebellum?

A

The flocculonodular lobe and part of the vermis

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11
Q

What part of the cerebellum is the spinocerebellum?

A

Most of the vermis and adjacent region of cerebellar hemispheres

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12
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A

Adjust muscle tone to co-ordinates muscles involved in posture and execute movement e.g. walking

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13
Q

What is the spinocerebellum aka?

A

Paleocerebellum

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14
Q

What is the cerebrocerebellum aka?

A

Neocerebellum

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15
Q

Where in the cerebellum is the cerebrocerebellum found?

A

In the lateral parts of the cerebellar hemispheres

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16
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Co-ordinated movement of distal limbs - particularly fine, skilled and targeted movements of the hands
May also be involved in learning, linguistics and cognitive functions

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17
Q

How does the cerebellum influence the body? (Contralaterally/ipsilaterally)

A

Ipsilaterally I.e. right side of cerebellum controls right side of body

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18
Q

Where does the vestibulocerebellum receive information from?

A

From ipsilateral vestibular apparatus and vestibular nuclei in inner ear

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19
Q

What is the effector that the vestibulocerebellum sends a co-ordinated response to in response to information on balance?

A

Muscles and eye movements

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20
Q

What nerve is involved in the vestibulocerebellum receiving information from the inner ear?

A

Vestibular division of CN VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve)

21
Q

How does information from the vestibulocochlear nerve get to the midbrain?

A

Vestibulocerebellum afferent fibres from CN VIII pass through the vestibular nuclei and enter the vestibulocerebellum via the Inferior cerebellar peduncle

22
Q

How does information from the vestibulocerebellum reach the effectors?

A

Cerebellovestibular efferent nerve fibres carry information from cerebellum out via the inferior cerebellar peduncle back to the vestibular nuclei where it synapses to lower motor neurones which travel through the vestibulospinal tract to muscles in body, and to the eyes (via CN III, IV and VI) and neck via the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

23
Q

What is the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)?

A

A specialised and heavily myelinated nerve bundle adjacent to CN III and IV in the midbrain extending to the inferior and dorsal pons at the level of CN VI, sending signals from the vestibular nuclei to these cranial nerves to co-ordinate eye movement (ascending MLF) and the ventral grey horn of the cervical spinal cord to co-ordinate movement to in the lower motor neurones of the neck (descending MLF)

24
Q

Where is is the vestibular nuclei located?

A

In the caudal pons and rostral medulla

25
Q

Where is the vestibulospinal tract in the spinal cord?

A

Extrapyramidal

26
Q

Where does the spinocerebellum receive information from?

A

the Golgi tendon organ and muscle spindle

27
Q

What information is sent from the Golgi tendon organ to the spinocerebellum?

A

Unconscious proprioception e.g. length of muscles, speed of movement and level of tension

28
Q

Through what tract in the spinal cord does information to the spinocerebellum travel?

A

The spinocerebellar tract

29
Q

How does info from the spinocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum?

A

Via the inferior cerebellar peduncle

30
Q

What two fibre types send information to the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Cortico-ponto-cerebellar fibres
Cortico-olivo-cerebellar fibres

31
Q

What information is sent to the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Information on intended movements that are in progress from the cerebral cortex

32
Q

How do cortico-ponto-cerebellar fibres travel to the cerebrocerebellum?

A

From cerebral cortex, through the pons and into the cerebrocerebellum

33
Q

How do cortico-olivo-cerebellar fibres travel to the cerebrocerebellum?

A

From cerebral cortex, through the pons, down into the olives in the medulla and then to the cerebrocerebellum

34
Q

What is the pathway of the cortico-ponto-cerebellar fibres?

A

Information from the motor cortex on the contralateral side to movement is sent via cortico-olivary fibres to the inferior oilvary nucleus on the medulla. Information is then sent via olivocerebellar afferent fibres to the cerebrocerebellum on the ipsilateral side of the movement via the inferior cerebellar peduncles

35
Q

What is the pathway of the cortico-ponto-cerebellar fibres?

A

Information from motor cortex on contralateral side of movement travels via corticopontine fibres to the pontine nucleus in the pons. Information then travels via the pontocerebellar afferent fibres to the cerebellum on the ipsilateral side of moving and enters via the middle cerebellar peduncle to reach the cerebrocerebellum.

36
Q

Which two parts of the cerebellum work together in movement?

A

Spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum

37
Q

What travels through the superior cerebellar peduncle and where to?

A

fibres which send output to the motor cortex via the thalamus, reticular nuclei and red nucleus

38
Q

What are two pathways the cerebellum is highly involved in?

A

The reticulospinal pathway
Rubrospinal pathway

39
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal pathway?

A

involved in voluntary movement, breathing and consciousness

40
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal pathway?

A

Control muscle tone

41
Q

How might a patient with cerebellar damage present?

A

Ataxia (in-coordination)
Ab,e to move but in a disordered manner

42
Q

What causes truncal ataxia?

A

Caused by a midline lesion affecting the vestibulocerebellum usually due to a medulloblastoma

43
Q

How may a patient with truncal ataxia present?

A

Inability to sit or stand without falling over
Inability to coordinate eye movement (aka nystagmus)

44
Q

What causes gait ataxia?

A

Lesion in spinocerebellum associated with chronic alcoholism causing degeneration of cerebellar neurons in paravermal areas

45
Q

How may a patient with gait ataxia present?

A

Lower limbs mainly affected causing a staggering and wide-based gait

46
Q

How may a patient with cerebrocerebellum lesion in lateral hemispheres present?

A

With in-coordination of voluntary movements (specifically in upper limbs) causing:
Tremor of intent
Past pointing or dysmetria
Dysdiadochokinesia/adiadochokinesia
Dysarthria

47
Q

What causes cerebrocerebellum lesions?

A

Vascular problems
Degeneration
Trauma

48
Q

Fill in the blank:

A unilateral lesion to the cerebellar hemisphere causes symptoms of the ____________ side of the body.

A

Ipsilateral

49
Q

How does contraction of the medial rectus and lateral rectus muscles move the eye?

A

Medial rectus adducts the eyeball (look towards nose)
Lateral rectus abducts the eyeball (look towards ear)

Control & Movement (36 decks)

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