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Control & Movement > Control L7 cranial nerves > Flashcards

Control L7 cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Which 10 cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem?

A

CN III - XII

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2
Q

What cranial nerves are part of the CNS?

A

CN I & II

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3
Q

What part of the nervous system are cranial nerves that derive from the brainstem part of? (Central/peripheral)

A

Peripheral

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4
Q

Where did the optic nerve (CN II) develop from?

A

Diencephalon

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5
Q

Where do the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract of CN I originate from?

A

Telencephalon

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6
Q

For each fibre type within a CN, there is a corresponding nucleus in the brainstem. True or false?

A

True

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7
Q

How many nuclei are associated with the occulomotor nerve?

A

2 - one for somatic motor fibres (occulomotor nuclei) and the other (Edinger-Westphal nuclei) for the autonomic visceral motor fibres

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8
Q

Where on the brainstem are sensory nuclei located?

A

Laterally

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9
Q

Where on the brainstem are motor nuclei located

A

Medially

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10
Q

What part of the brainstem are cranial nerve nuclei located?

A

Tegmentum

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11
Q

How many cranial nerve nuclei are in the brainstem?

A

17

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12
Q

Where are cranial nerve nuclei found in relation to the ventricular system?

A

anteriorly

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13
Q

What are three examples of motor nuclei found in the open medulla?

A

Somatic motor
Parasympathetic motor
Head and neck motor

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14
Q

What are three examples of sensory nuclei found in the open medulla?

A

Special sensory
Somatic sensory
Visceral sensory

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15
Q

What innervation is the somatic motor nuclei involved in?

A

Somatic skeletal muscles

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16
Q

What innervation is the parasympathetic motor nuclei involved in?

A

Secretion of glands

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17
Q

What innervation is the head and neck motor nuclei involved in?

A

Some muscles of the head and neck

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18
Q

What innervation is the special sensory nuclei involved in?

A

Senses (smell, vision, taste, hearing, balance)

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19
Q

What innervation is the somatic sensory nuclei involved in?

A

General sensation (touch) from the peripheries

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20
Q

What innervation is the visceral sensory nuclei involved in?

A

Sensation of internal organs and glands

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21
Q

What innervation is the branchial motor nuclei involved in?

A

Muscles derived from pharyngeal arches

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22
Q

How many CN are purely motor (efferent) fibres?

A

5

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23
Q

How many CN are purely sensory (afferent) fibres?

A

3

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24
Q

How many CN are a mix of efferent and afferent fibres?

A

4

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25
Q

Which part of the brainstem are CN nuclei found?

A

All parts - medulla, pons and midbrain

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26
Q

What is CN I?

A

Olfactory nerve

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27
Q

Where does CN I originate from?

A

the nasal mucosa

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28
Q

How does CN I communicate with the brain?

A

nerve travels from the nasal mucosa, merges with the olfactory bulbs and olfactory tract which are extensions of the telencephalon

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29
Q

What foramina does CN I pass through?

A

cribriform plate

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30
Q

What type of nuclei does CN I have?

A

Special sensory

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31
Q

What is the function of CN I?

A

olfaction aka smell

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32
Q

How can you test the function of CN I?

A

with a smell test e.g. an orange

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33
Q

What is the term for not being able to smell?

A

Anosmia

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34
Q

What is CN II?

A

Optic nerve

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35
Q

Where does CN II originate?

A

The retina

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36
Q

How does CN II communicate with the brain?

A

Emerges from the retina and travels to the optic chiasma into the optic tracts carrying visual information to the thalamus

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37
Q

What part of the brain are CN II extensions of?

A

diencephalon

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38
Q

What foramina do CN II travel through?

A

Optic canal

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39
Q

What type of nuclei does CN II have?

A

Special sensory

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40
Q

What is the function of CN II?

A

vision

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41
Q

How do we test the function of CN II?

A

Various visual tests

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42
Q

What is the only sensory modality that does not travel through the thalamus?

A

Smell/olfaction

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43
Q

What is CN III?

A

Occulomotor

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44
Q

Where does CN III emerge?

A

Pontomesencephalic junction (where pons and midbrain meet)

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45
Q

What foramen does CN III travel through?

A

superior orbital fissure

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46
Q

What nuclei are found in CN III?

A

somatic motor and visceral parasympathetic motor

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47
Q

What muscles are supplied by CN III?

A

the four extraocular muscles and Levator palpebrae superioris (somatic motor fibre)
Ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae (parasympathetic autonomic motor fibres)

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48
Q

What is CN IV?

A

Trochlear

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49
Q

Where does cranial nerve IV emerge from?

A

Dorsal midbrain

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50
Q

What foramen does CN IV travel through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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51
Q

What nuclei are found in CN IV?

A

somatic motor

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52
Q

What muscle is supplied by CN IV?

A

superior oblique muscle

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53
Q

What is CN VI?

A

Abducens

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54
Q

Where does CN VI emerge?

A

pontomedullary junction (where pons and medulla meet)

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55
Q

What foramen does CN VI travel through?

A

superior orbital fissure

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56
Q

What nuclei is found in CN VI?

A

somatic motor

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57
Q

What muscle is supplied by CN VI?

A

Lateral rectus

58
Q

How is function of CN III, IV and VI tested?

A

Follow finger (H) test

59
Q

How do signals reach the ciliary muscles and sphincter pupillae from CN III?

A

The preganglionic fibres of CN III travel to the ciliary ganglion and the postganglionic fibres then travel to the muscles to innervate

60
Q

What muscle closes the eyelid?

A

Orbicularis oculi

61
Q

What CN is involved in closing the eyelids/ innervating orbicularis oculi?

A

CN VII

62
Q

What muscle opens the eyelid?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris
(+ superior tarsal muscle sympathetically - e.g. in surprise, fear or excitement - by elevating upper eyelid)

63
Q

Which muscle keeps the eyelid open?

A

Superior tarsal muscle

64
Q

What CN is involved in innervating levator palpebrae superioris in opening/dilating the superior eyelid?

A

CN III (motor fibres)

65
Q

What muscles dilate the pupil?

A

The dilators of the iris

66
Q

Are the dilators of the iris innervated parasympathetically or sympathetically?

A

Sympathetically

67
Q

What muscles are involved in constricting the pupil and changing the lens shape?

A

Sphincter pupillae and the ciliary muscle

68
Q

Are sphincter pupillae and the ciliary muscle innervated sympathetically or parasympathetically?

A

Parasympathetically

69
Q

What is CN V called?

A

Trigeminal nerve

70
Q

How many subdivisions does the trigeminal nerve have?

A

3

71
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Opthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)

72
Q

Where does CN V emerge from?

A

The lateral sides of the pons

73
Q

What foramen does CN V1 travel through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

74
Q

What foramen does CN V2 travel through?

A

Foramen rotundum

75
Q

What foramen does CN V3 travel through?

A

Foramen ovale

76
Q

What nuclei are found in CN V?

A

Somatic sensation in V1, V2 and V3
Branchial motor in V3

77
Q

What is the function of CN V1?

A

Sensation of upper face (above eye)

78
Q

What is the function of CN V2?

A

sensation from middle face (between eye and mouth)

79
Q

What is the function of CN V3?

A

Sensation from lower face, mandible and anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Innervation of muscles including muscles of mastication, anterior belly of the digastric muscle and tensor tympani.

80
Q

How do you test for function of CN V?

A

V1 = cotton wool on forehead and corneal reflex test
V2 = cotton wool on cheek
V3 = cotton wall on jaw, clench teeth and feel masseter muscle, move jaw side to side against resistance to test pterygoid muscles, protrude jaw and jaw jerk reflex.

81
Q

What are four autonomic ganglia associated with CN V?

A

Ciliary
Pterygopalatine
Submandibular
Otic

82
Q

What is CN VII called?

A

Facial nerve

83
Q

Where does CN VII emerge from?

A

The cerbellopontine angle (medially to CN VIII)

84
Q

What foramen does CN VII enter the skull?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

85
Q

What foramen does CN VII exit the skull?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

86
Q

What nuclei are found in CN VII?

A

Branchial motor, visceral parasympathetic motor, special sensory and somatic sensory

87
Q

What is the branchial motor function of CN VII?

A

Innervate muscles of facial expression, strapedius muscle, posterior belly of the digastric muscle

88
Q

What is the visceral parasympathetic motor function of CN VII?

A

Innervate all glands (except parotid) to secrete

89
Q

What is the special sensory function of CN VII?

A

Taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue via chorda tympani

90
Q

What is the somatic sensory function of CN VII?

A

Sensation to skin of ear

91
Q

How do you test function of CN VII?

A

Test facial movements and expressions, taste and salivation

92
Q

What is CN VIII called?

A

Vestibulocochlear

93
Q

Where does CN VIII emerge from?

A

The cerebellopontine angle (laterally to CN VII)

94
Q

What foramen does CN VIII travel through?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

95
Q

What nuclei are found in CN VIII?

A

Special sensory

96
Q

What is the function of CN VIII?

A

Hearing and balance

97
Q

How do you test the function of CN VIII?

A

bedside hearing tests like Rinne’s and Weber’s

98
Q

What is the name of CN IX?

A

glossopharyngeal

99
Q

Where does CN IX emerge from?

A

Posterolateral sulcus of medulla, lateral to the olives

100
Q

What foramen does CN IX travel through?

A

jugular foramen

101
Q

What nerve fibres are found in CN IX?

A

Branchial motor, visceral parasympathetic motor, special sensory, somatic sensory and visceral sensation

102
Q

What is innervated by the branchial motor fibres of CN IX?

A

Pharynx in order to swallow

103
Q

What is innervated by the visceral parasympathetic motor fibres of CN IX?

A

Parotid gland

104
Q

What is innervated by the special sensory fibres of CN IX?

A

The middle ear, pharynx and posterior 1/3 of the tongue

105
Q

What is innervated by the visceral sensation fibres of CN IX?

A

the carotid body and carotid sinus monitoring O2 sats and BP.

106
Q

How can the function of CN IX be tested?

A

Assessing gag reflex

107
Q

What is CN X called?

A

Vagus nerve

108
Q

Where does CN X emerge from?

A

The posterolateral sulcus of the medulla laterally to the olives (inferior to CN IX)

109
Q

What foramen does CN X travel through?

A

Jugular foramen

110
Q

What nerve fibres does CN X contain?

A

Branchial motor, visceral parasympathetic motor, visceral sensory, special sensory and somatic sensory

111
Q

What does the branchial motor fibres of CN X innervate?

A

the muscles of the pharynx, larynx and soft palate and uvula

112
Q

What do the visceral parasympathetic motor fibres of CN X innervate?

A

Thoracic and GI tract muscles

113
Q

What do the visceral sensory nerve fibres of CN X innervate?

A

Thoracic and GI sensation

114
Q

What do the special sensory fibres of CN X innervate?

A

Taste from epiglottis and palate

115
Q

What do the somatic sensory fibres of CN X innervate?

A

Sensation from epiglottis, larynx and skin of external ear

116
Q

How do you test the function of CN X?

A

Assessing speaking and movement of the uvula

117
Q

What is CN XI called?

A

Accessory nerve

118
Q

Where does CN XI emerge from?

A

The caudal medulla and rostral spinal cord

119
Q

What foramen does CN XI travel through?

A

Jugular foramen

120
Q

What nerve fibres are found in CN XI?

A

Somatic motor

121
Q

What does CN XI innervate?

A

Motor function of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

122
Q

How do you test for the function of CN XI?

A

By assessing ability to shrug shoulders and rotate head against resistance.

123
Q

What is CN XII called?

A

Hypoglossal

124
Q

Where does CN XII emerge from?

A

anterolateral sulcus between the pyramids and the olives

125
Q

What foramen does CN XII travel through?

A

Hypoglossal canal

126
Q

What nerve fibres are found in CN XII?

A

somatic motor

127
Q

What is the function of CN XII?

A

Motor Innervation of muscles of the tongue

128
Q

How do you test for the function of CN XII?

A

Assess protrusion of the tongue.

129
Q

Which spinal roots contribute to CN XI?

A

Spinal roots of C1-C5

130
Q

How do the spinal roots join with CN XI?

A

Travel up through the foramen magnum into the skull and combines with the cranial root to form CN XI before leaving via the jugular foramen

131
Q

If damage to the CN XII, which side does the tongue protrude towards?

A

The paralysed side

132
Q

Which cranial nerves contain preganglionic autonomic fibres?

A

III
VII
IX
X

133
Q

What ganglia is associated with CN III?

A

Ciliary

134
Q

What ganglion is associated with CN VII?

A

Pterygopalatine

135
Q

What ganglion is associated with CN IX?

A

Submandibular

136
Q

What ganglion is associated with CN X?

A

Otic

137
Q

What nerve do the postganglionic autonomic fibres of the ciliary, pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia travel with?

A

Trigeminal

138
Q

What muscle and function is the ciliary ganglion associated with?

A

Pupil constriction by the sphincter pupillae

139
Q

What gland and function is the pterygopalatine ganglion associated with?

A

Lacrimation via the lacrimal gland

140
Q

What gland and function is the submandibular ganglion associated with?

A

salivation by the submandibular, sublingual, parotid gland

Control & Movement (36 decks)

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