Control CS11 visual defects Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the optic nerve?

A

Axons of the ganglion cells of the retina

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2
Q

What amino acid is involved in vision?

A

Glutamate

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3
Q

What vitamin is retinal a form of?

A

Vitamin A

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4
Q

Where in the retina is retinal found?

A

Rhodopsin

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5
Q

What happens to glutamate release when light hits the retina?

A

It decreases causing hyperpolarisation of the retina

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6
Q

What are the two types of bipolar cells?

A

On = decreased glutamate release causes them to become depolarised in response to light
Off =decreased glutamate release causes them to become hyperpolarised in response to light

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7
Q

How do bipolar cells affect ganglion cells?

A

Either increases or decreases their firing

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8
Q

What is a receptive field in the retina?

A

The area of the retina that causes any change in the response of a neuron when simulated.

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9
Q

Why do the adjacent/surrounding ganglion cells of the ganglion cell being simulated also become simulated by a bipolar cell?

A

Due to the interneurons and amacrine neurones between bipolar cells causing lateral inhibition

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10
Q

What are the two colour opponent pathways?

A

Red/green
Blue/yellow

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11
Q

What is the 5th photo pigment recent,y discovered in the eye?

A

Melanopsin

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12
Q

Where is melanopsin found?

A

In intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

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13
Q

What is the role of intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells?

A

They encode luminance
Maintaining normal entrainment of the circadian clock
Involved in pupillary light reflex by connecting to the Erdinger-Westphal nuclei

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14
Q

What are the types of layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Parvocellular layers (layers 3-6)
Magnocellular layers (layers 1+2)
Koniocellular layers (very small cell bodies between the other layers)

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15
Q

What are properties of magnocellular ganglion cells?

A

Larger cell bodies
Large receptive field
Important for detection of movement of stimulus

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16
Q

What are properties of parvocellular ganglion cells ?

A

small cell bodies
Sensitive to form and fine detail of stimulus

17
Q

What are the three types of retinal ganglion cells?

A

M-type aka magnocellular
P-type aka parvocellular
K-type (non-M and non-P)

18
Q

What are the properties of K-type retinal ganglion cells?

A

Have medium cell bodies
Involved in detecting lots of different things including objects moving towards us so we can blink in time to protect the eye

19
Q

How are visual pathways functionally organised in the primary visual/ striate cortex?

A

In orientation columns
In ocular dominance columns
In colour processing blobs

20
Q

What part of the striate cortex is thought to process visual motion via the dorsal stream?

A

Striate cortex towards the parietal lobe

21
Q

What part of the striate cortex is thought to process object recognition and where things are via the ventral stream?

A

Striate cortex towards the temporal lobe