Lower Limb - Bones (1)

Question 1

What comprises the pelvic girdle?

Answer 1

The pelvic girdle (bony pelvis) is a bony ring composed of the sacrum and the right and left hip bones, joined anteriorly by the pubic symphysis.

Question 2

What are the names of the three bones that fuse to form the hip bone during childhood?

Answer 2

Pubis, ilium, ischium.

Question 3

By what age are the three bones of the hip bone fused?

Answer 3

20yo - 25yo. (They begin to fuse at age 16yo)

Question 4

What name is given to the foramen between the superior pubic ramus and the inferior pubic ramus?

Answer 4

Obturator foramen.

Question 5

What is the greater sciatic notch?

Answer 5

This is the concavity in the posterior aspect of the hip bone, between the ilium and the ischium. Its superior edge is the posterior inferior iliac spine, and its inferior edge is the ischial spine.

Question 6

What part of the pelvic girdle is your body weight resting on when you are sitting?

Answer 6

Ischial tuberosities.

Question 7

What passes through the obturator foramen?

Answer 7

Most of the obturator foramen is closed by the obturator membrane. There is a small opening (the obturator canal) through which the obturator nerve and vessels pass.

Question 8

What are the three parts of the acetabulum?

Answer 8

Articular (lunate) surface, Acetabular fossa (centrally), Acetabular notch (inferiorly)

Question 9

With regard to the hip, what is the angle of inclination? At what age is it more straight? At what age is it more acute? Is it greater in males or females?

Answer 9

This is the angle formed by the neck of femur and shaft of femur. At birth, it is a larger angle. By late adulthood, the angle has reduced to approx 120 degrees. It is greater in males, and more acute in females.

Question 10

Is the intertrochanteric crest anterior or posterior?

Answer 10

Posterior.

Question 11

What is coxa vara? What is coxa valga?

Answer 11

Coxa vara is when the angle of inclincation is reduced (more acute). Coxa valga is when the angle of inclination is increased (more obtuse).

Question 12

Which long bone of the lower limb serves no function in weight bearing?

Answer 12

Fibula.

Question 13

What is the proximal articulation of the fibula?

Answer 13

The head of the fibula articulates with the lateral tibial condyle.

Question 14

Divide the bones of the foot into three anatomical sections.

Answer 14

Tarsus (7 tarsal bones)
Metatarsus (5 metatarsal bones)
Phalanges (14 phalanges)

Question 15

Name the tarsal bones.

Answer 15

Talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, three cuneiform bones.

Question 16

Which bone of the foot articulates with the tibia and fibula?

Answer 16

Talus.

Question 17

Describe the calcaneus and its articulations.

Answer 17

This is the most posterior bone of the foot. It is the heel bone. It is the largest and strongest bone of the foot. It articulates with the talus superiorly, and the cuboid anteriorly.

Question 18

Describe the navicular and its articulations.

Answer 18

“Navicular” means “little ship” - it is a boat-shaped bone. It is on the medial side of the foot. It articulates posteriorly with the talus, and anteriorly with the three cuneiform bones.

Question 19

Describe the location of the cuboid.

Answer 19

The cuboid is a cube-shaped bone in the lateral side of the foot, articulating posteriorly with the calcaneus, and anteriorly with the 4th and 5th metatarsals. It lies next to the navicular and the cuneiform bones.

Question 20

The cuneiform bones are labelled 1-2-3 in which direction?

Answer 20

1 is medial, 3 is lateral.

Question 21

Describe the articulations of the cuneiform bones.

Answer 21

Each cuneiform articulates with its own metatarsal anteriorly, and the navicular posteriorly.

Question 22

With which bone does the head of the talus articulate?

Answer 22

Navicular.

Question 23

Where is the talar shelf?

Answer 23

The talar shelf is on the calcaneus, articulating with the underside of the talus.

Question 24

What is the linea aspera?

Answer 24

This is a prominent ridge line running down the posterior shaft of the femur, providing attachment sites for the adductor muscles.

Question 25

What is the pectineal line?

Answer 25

This is a short ridge on the femur, running from the lesser trochanter to the proximal/middle part of the linea aspera (on the posterior surface).