lower limb anatomy Flashcards
What are the six regions of the lower limb?
gluteal femoral knee leg ankle foot
What are the 4 muscles present in the superficial group of the gluteal region?
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae
The inferior gluteal nerve innervates the ____ _____. All other muscles in the superficial gluteal group are supplied by the ____ ____
gluteus maximus
superior gluteal nerve
What are the muscles of the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?
Good QOP
Gemelli
Quadratus femoris
Obiturator interius
Piriformis
What are the functions of the superficial gluteal muscle group?
Extension, abduction and medial rotation of the thigh.
What is the Trendelenburg Gait?
Abnormal gait caused by weakness of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.
-poor abduction of the thigh at the hip
What can be a cause of the Trendelenburg Gait?
lesion of the superior gluteal nerve
What are the functions of the deep gluteal muscle group?
- Lateral rotation of the thigh
2. Stabilisation of the hip
What is the source of innervation of the gluteal deep muscle group?
Sacral plexus
Into which quarter of the gluteal region are IM injections made? Why?
Upper lateral quarter
-to avoid sciatic nerve
What ligaments form the greater sciatic foramen and the lesser sciatic foramen?
Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
What does the Sciatic nerve supply?
- posterior thigh
- all leg and foot muscles
- most of the skin
What is the spinal level of the Sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
The pudendal nerve supplies the perineum (T/F)
True
The spinal level of the pudendal nerve is __-__
S2-S4
What is the spinal level of the Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh?
S1-S3
The sciatic nerve passes through the greater/lesser sciatic foramen.
greater sciatic foramen
The sciatic nerve supplies all muscles in the gluteal region (T/F)
False
-supplies nothing in gluteal region
What branches does the sciatic nerve divide into in the distal thigh?
- tibial nerve
- common fibular nerve
What are the contents of the femoral triangle (lateral to medial)?
NAVY
femoral Nerve
femoral Artery
femoral Vein
lYmphaticsWhat are the boundaries of the Femoral triangle?
Superior - inguinal ligament
Medially - lateral border of adductus longus
Laterally- medial border of sartorius
Floor - iliopsoas and pectineus
Roof - deep fascia
What is Compartment syndrome?
Increased pressure within muscle and fascia compartments of the lower limb.
What is the treatment of acute compartment syndrome?
Fasciotomy
How many muscle compartments are there in the thigh? What are they?
3
anterior, medial and posterior compartments
There are _ compartments in the leg. What are they?
3
anterior, posterior and lateral compartments
What movements are carried out by the Anterior compartment of Thigh muscles? What are the muscles?
- flexion of the thigh
- extension of leg
- Iliopsoas
- Sartorius
- Quadriceps femoris
What is the nerve supply of the Anterior compartment of Thigh?
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
-also L1, L2, L3 for psoas muscle
What is the function of the Medial Compartment of Thigh muscles?
Adduction of thigh
What is the nerve supply of the Medial Compartment of Thigh?
Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
-adductor magnus - tibial nerve
What does the Posterior Compartment of Thigh do?
Extends the thigh
Flexes the leg
Posterior Compartment of Thigh is supplied by what nerves?
Tibial divison of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
What are the functions of the Anterior Compartment of Leg?
Dorsiflexion of ankle
Extension of toes
Anterior Compartment of Leg is supplied by…
Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
What movements does Lateral Compartment of Leg carry out?
Everts foot
Plantarflexion of ankle (weak)
The Lateral Compartment of Leg is supplied by ____ ______ nerve.
Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
What movement is facilitated by the Superficial group of the Posterior Compartment of Leg?
-plantarflexion of ankle
What movement is facilitated by the Deep group of the Posterior Compartment of Leg?
- Toe flexion
- plantarflexion of ankle
Posterior Compartment of Leg is supplied by the …
Tibial nerve
What type of joint is the Hip joint?
Ball and socket
What two bony structures make up the hip joint?
- Head of femur
- Acetabulum of hip
What movement occurs at the hip joint?
felxion/extension
abduction/adduction
medial/lateral rotation
circumduction
What type of joint is present at the hip?
synovial joint
What 3 ligaments are present at the hip joint?
iliofemoral
ischiofemoral
pubofemoral
What arteries supply the femur?
- Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries
- Branch of obturator - artery to head of femur
What type of joint is present at the knee?
Hinge joint
How many articulations are there at the knee?
3 articulations:
- 2 femorotibial
- 1 femoropatellar
What movement is possible at the knee joint?
Flexion/ extension
What are the 3 types of knee joint ligaments?
- extracapsular
- intra-articular
- menisci
Name the three extracapsular ligaments at the knee joint.
- patallar ligament
- fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
- tibial (medial) collateral ligament
Name the intra-articular knee joint ligaments:
Anterior Cruciate (ACL) Posterior Cruciate (PCL)
Name the two menisci ligaments at the knee:
Medial meniscus
lateral meniscus
Ligaments attach bone to muscle (T/F)
False
Ligaments attach bone to bone
What is the result of the damage of cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL)?
tibia slides against the femur
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
- superolaterally - biceps femoris
- superomedially - semimembranosus
- inferiorly - gastrocnemius
- roof - popliteal fascia
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
- fat
- small saphenous vein
- popliteal vessels
- tibial and common fibular nerves
What muscles are attached by the Calcaneal tendon to the Calcaneal tuberosity of the Calcaneous?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
What nerve roots are tested by the Ankle jerk reflex?
S1 and S2 nerve roots
-normal reflex results in plantarflexion
Where do lymphatics of the lower limb drain?
Inguinal lymph nodes (then, to iliac lymph nodes)
In the femoral triangle, the tranversalis and iliopsoas fascia form the ____ ___
femoral sheath
____ ____ is the site of femoral hernia formation. It is found ____ to the femoral vein
femoral canal
medial
