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Anatomy > Lecture Exam Three: Fundamentals of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture Exam Three: Fundamentals of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Which area below describes the 3 functional areas of the nervous system in a logical order?

A

sensory input, integration, motor output

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2
Q

To extend your arm, your […] nervous system is activated.

A

somatic

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3
Q

Somatic motor is….

A

voluntary skeletal movements

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4
Q

Autonomic is…

A

involuntary to smooth muscles, glands, and cardiac muscles

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5
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system?

A

spinal interneurons

**anything directly dealing with the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Your heat beat increases rapidly and forcefully. This response is a result of your […] nervous system.

A

autonomic

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7
Q

The two basic cell types in your nervous system are…

A
  1. neurons

2. glial

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8
Q

What are the four main neuroglia that support the CNS neurons?

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. microglial cells
  3. ependymal cells
  4. oligodendrocytes
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9
Q

Glial cell is the most abundant, versatile, and highly branched of glial cells?

A

astrocytes

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10
Q

Where can you find astrocytes?

A

cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries

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11
Q

Which type of glial cell are small, ovoid cell with thorny processes that touch and monitor neurons?

A

microglial cells

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12
Q

Microglial cells […] toward […] neurons.

A

migrate; injured

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13
Q

Microglial cells can transform to […].

A

phagocytize microorganisms

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14
Q

Which type of glial cell line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column?

A

ependymal cells

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15
Q

Which type of glial cell has processes that wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths?

A

oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

Electrical wire is to electrical insulating tape as peripheral neurons are to …

A

Schwann cells

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17
Q

Schwann cells form […] to surround neurons in the […].

A

myelin sheath; PNS

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18
Q

What are the three special characteristics of neurons?

A
  1. extreme longevity
  2. amitotic (few exceptions)
  3. highly metabolic rate: requires continuous supply of oxygen and glucose
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19
Q

Each neuron in our bodies has a life span of …

A

an average human life

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20
Q

Movement of substances towards the cell body of a neuron is termed […] movement. Away from the cell body is […].

A

retrograde; anterograde

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21
Q

How is herpes complex associated with the nervous system?

A

this virus and bacterial toxin damages neural tissue by using retrograde axonal transport

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22
Q

What other viruses, besides herpes simplex, take advantage of the retrograde axonal transport?

A

polio, rabies, and tetanus toxin

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23
Q

Myelin sheath is composed of […], whitish, […] substance.

A

myelin; protein-lipid

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24
Q

Function of myelin:

A
  1. protect and electrically insulate axon

2. increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

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25
Q

Myelinated fibers are […] sheaths that surround […] axons.

A

segmented; long-diameter

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26
Q

Non-myelinated fibers:

A

do not contain sheath and are therefore slow conductors

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27
Q

The portion of an axon that communicates with its target cell is […].

A

axon terminal

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28
Q

The basis for differentiation between gray and white matter in the CNS is the presence of […] in white matter.

A

myelinated fibers

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29
Q

[…] are the most common structural type of neuron in humans.

A

multipolar

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30
Q

Which structural type of neuron is rare?

A

bipolar

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31
Q

Bipolar: two processes, […].

A

one axon and one dendrite

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32
Q

Where can you find bipolar processes?

A

retina and olfactory mucosa

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33
Q

Unipolar: one […] process, […].

A

T-like process; two axons

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34
Q

Unipolar is also known as…

A

pseudonipolar

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35
Q

What are the two types of processes of unipolar?

A
  1. peripheral: associated with sensory receptor

2. proximal: enters CNS

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36
Q

When considering the relationship between a structural classification and a functional classification of neurons, it can be said that […].

A

essentially all bipolar neurons are sensory neurons

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37
Q

T/F: Neurons have a resting membrane potential?

A

true

**they can change rapidly

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38
Q

In electricity, like charges […].

A

repel each other

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39
Q

When opposite charges are separated the system…

A

has potential energy

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40
Q

[…] is the flow of electrical charge (…) between two points.

A

current

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41
Q

Current flow is dependent on what two factors?

A
  1. voltage

2. resistance

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42
Q

Voltage:

A

measure of potential energy generated by separated charge

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43
Q

Resistance:

A

hindrance to charge flow

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44
Q

Ohm’s Law:

A

I = V/R

I = current (amps)
V = voltage (voltz)
R = resistance (ohms)
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45
Q

The greater the potential difference in charge between two points, the […] the voltage.

A

greater

46
Q

What is the voltage across a membrane called?

A

membrane potential

47
Q

In a living neuron, the cell’s […] provides resistance (R) to current flow.

A

plasma membrane

48
Q

What are the two main types of ion channels

A
  1. leakage (nongated) channels

2. gated channels

49
Q

Leakage (nongated channels) are always…

A

open

50
Q

Gated channels which is opened/closed by…

A

the shape alteration of the protein

51
Q

List the types of gated channels:

A
  1. chemically gated
  2. voltage gated
  3. mechanically gated
52
Q

A typical resting membrane potential for a nerve cell is […] mV.

A

-70 mV

53
Q

The chief contributor to the negative charge of a resting neuron’s intracellular fluid is:

A

a high intracellular concentration of anionic proteins

54
Q

ECF has a higher concentration of […], balance by […]. While the ICF has a higher concentration of […], balanced by […].

A

sodium ions; chloride ions; potassium ions; negatively charged proteins

55
Q

The movement of potassium into an animal cell requires…

A

an energy source such as ATP

56
Q

T/F: The Na/K pump has a role with the generation of a single action potential.

A

false

57
Q

Suppose a cell has only potassium channels, at what membrane potential would the concentration and electrical gradients for potassium be in balance?

A

-90

**if Na was leaked it would change the potential to -70

**would be maintained

58
Q

How does a nerve cell compensate for the leakage of sodium ions into the cell, and potassium ions out of the cell?

A

Na/K pumps

**maintain potential

59
Q

Maintenance of the resting membrane potential is possible due to:

A
  1. ATP expenditure of the neuron

2. the actions of the Na/K pump

60
Q

Depolarization of the neuron refers to:

A

reduction in membrane potential

61
Q

Hyperpolarization:

A

the membrane potential increases, the inside becoming more negative

62
Q

You would expect a neuron that depolarizes to -65 mV would:

A

return to resting membrane potential without generating an action potential

63
Q

Which type of potential change decays with distance?

A

all types…

  1. graded potential
  2. synaptic potential
  3. generator potential
  4. receptor potential
64
Q

Graded potentials (3):

A
  1. short-lived, localized changes
  2. triggered by stimulus that opens gated ion channels
  3. named according to location and function
65
Q

Graded potentials– The stronger the stimulus…

A

the more voltage changes and the farther current flows

66
Q

Graded potentials– Opening of gated ion channels results in …

A

depolarization or sometimes hyperpolarization

67
Q

Graded potentials– Name the two types of potentials:

A
  1. receptor potential (generator potential)

2. postsynaptic potential

68
Q

Principle way of neurons to send signals:

A

action potentials

69
Q

Action potentials only occur in…

A

muscle cells and axons of neurons

70
Q

Action potentials are also referred to as…

A

nerve impulse within nerves

71
Q

What gates are open within action potential?

A

voltage-gated channels

72
Q

Sodium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of a neuron […] when its voltage-gated sodium channels open.

A

increases

73
Q

The point at which the all-or-none principle of action potential generation is reached is termed the […].

A

threshold

74
Q

T/F: All depolarization events produce APs.

A

false

75
Q

What is needed in order for an AP to be triggered?

A

depolarization must reach a threshold voltage

76
Q

At the threshold, what happens at and to the membrane(4)?

A
  1. the membrane is depolarized by 15-20 mV
  2. sodium ion permeability increases
  3. sodium influx exceeds potassium efflux
  4. positive feedback cycle begins
77
Q

Neurons generally repolarizes once the membrane potential reaches approx…

A

+30 mV

78
Q

Why does repolarization occur?

A

voltage-gated potassium channel gates open

79
Q

Repolarization: Na+ channels are […] and K+ channels […].

A

inactivating; open

80
Q

Repolarization– What happens to the AP due to the closing of Na channels?

A

AP spike stops rising

81
Q

Repolarization– What happens to the potassium ions?

A

exits cell down its electrochemical gradient

82
Q

A neuron under the influence of a neurotransmitter that opens K+ channels will…

A

be less likely to fire an action potential

83
Q

Hyperpolarization: Some […] remain open, and […] channels rest.

A

K+ channels; Na+

84
Q

What occurs to the membrane during hyperpolarization?

A

inside of membrane becomes more negative than in resting state

**slight dip in resting voltage

85
Q

If a sodium potassium pump is applied to a neuron, the next action potential that fires will appear…

A

the same as normal

86
Q

Propagation allows AP to be transmitted from origin down ….

A

entire axon length toward terminals

87
Q

Sodium influx through voltage gates in one membrane area cause what events to follow?

A
  1. local currents
  2. opening of sodium voltage gates in adjacent membrane areas
  3. depolarization of that area
  4. depolarization is next area
88
Q

AP is […] so in nonmyelinated axons, each successive segment of membrane […], then […].

A

self-propagating; depolarizes; repolarizes

89
Q

T/F AP occurs only in a forward direction.

A

true

90
Q

In an organism, action potentials are propagated unidirectionally toward the axon ending because:

A

membranes become nonresponsive due to inactive sodium channels after action potential generation

91
Q

In most sensory systems, an increase in stimulus intensity is signaled by:

A
  1. more transmitter release
  2. more action potentials

** not because of a larger action potential

92
Q

During the relative refractory period (what occurs to the system):

A
  1. the threshold is substantially elevated

2. exceptionally strong stimuli could trigger action potentials

93
Q

List the two types of refractory periods:

A
  1. absolute refractory period

2. relative refractory period

94
Q

Why is it the during a refractory period, the neuron cannot trigger another AP?

A

voltage-gated Na channels are closed and neuron cannot respond to another stimulus

95
Q

Absolute refractory period:

A

time from opening sodium channels until resetting of the channels

96
Q

Relative refractory period (what is it):

A

follows absolute refractory period where

  1. most sodium channels have returned to their resting state
  2. some potassium channels are still open
97
Q

The conduction of an action potential along an unmyelinated axon is faster in […].

A

large diameter fibers

98
Q

What are the two factors of conduction velocity?

A
  1. axon diameter

2. degree of myelination

99
Q

Degree of myelination holds two types of conductions:

A
  1. continuous conduction

2. saltatory conduction

100
Q

[…] only occurs in nonmyelinated axons, a […] conduction.

A

continuous conduction; slow

101
Q

[…] only occurs in myelinated axons and is about […] times faster.

A

saltatory; 30

102
Q

The location at which a neuron interacts with its target cell (either another neuron or muscle cell, etc.) is called the […].

A

synapse

103
Q

Neurotransmitters are important in functioning […] synapses.

A

chemical

104
Q

During the events involved in information transfer across a chemical synapse, which of the following steps would be directly interrupted by exposing a neuron to a calcium channel blocker?

A

neurotransmitter exocytosis from the presynaptic neuron

105
Q

Certain psychosomatic drugs exert their effects by keeping the concentration of neurotransmitters elevated within the synapse. These drugs could exert their effects by:

A
  1. inhibiting enzymes associated with the postsynaptic membrane that degrade the neurotransmitter
  2. inhibiting reuptake of the neurotransmitter by astrocytes or the presynaptic terminal
106
Q

Generally speaking, opening chloride channels in the postsynaptic membrane will result in an […].

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

107
Q

Identify the false statement (SKIP kinda).

A

Spatial summation occurs with action potentials

108
Q

Which molecule could serve as a second messenger for a G-protein linked metabotropic receptor?

A
  1. cyclic AMP
  2. calcium ion
  3. cyclic GMP
  4. diacylglycerol
109
Q

What occurs in the discharge zone of neuronal pool?

A

neurons are most likely to generate impulses

110
Q

Spinal reflexes are an example of:

A

serial processing

111
Q

Parallel processing example:

A

sensed smell may remind one of an odor and any associated experiences

112
Q

What occurs in the facilitated zone of a neuronal pool?

A
  1. neurons on periphery of pool are farther away from incoming fiber
  2. usually not excited to threshold unless stimulated by another source

Anatomy (31 decks)

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