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Anatomy > Lab Exam Three: Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Lab Exam Three: Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the cranial nerves?

A 
Oh (olfactory)
Once (optic)
One (oculomotor)
Takes (trochlear)
The (trigeminal)
Anatomy (abducens) 
Final (facial)
Very (vestibulocochlear)
Good (glossopharyngeal)
Vacations (vagus)
Are (accessory)
Heavenly (hypoglossal)
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2
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A
  1. olfactory
  2. optic
  3. oculomotor
  4. trochlear
  5. trigeminal
  6. abducens
  7. facial
  8. vestibulocochlear
  9. glossopharyngeal
  10. vagus
  11. accessory
  12. hypoglossal
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3
Q

Olfactory nerve begins in the […] and contains sensory fibers for […] (smell).

A

nasal cavity; olfaction

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4
Q

Optic nerve begins at the […] of the eyes and is responsible for […].

A

retina; vision

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5
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the 6 extrinsic muscles that perform voluntary eye movements?

A
  1. oculomotor nerve
  2. trochlear nerve
  3. abducens nerve
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6
Q

The trigeminal nerve has 3 branches:

A
  1. ophthalmic
  2. maxillary
  3. mandibular
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7
Q

Trigeminal is mainly […], sensation of the […].

A

sensory; face

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8
Q

Facial nerve has what two components?

A
  1. sensory component

2. motor component

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9
Q

Facial nerves sensory component has sensation from the […] of the […].

A

anterior 2/3; tongue

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10
Q

The motor component of the facial nerve has […] of facial expression, […] from […] and […] glands.

A

muscles; secretion; lacrimal; salivary

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11
Q

Vestibulocochlear cranial nerves consists of what two branches? What is the purpose of branch?

A
  1. vestibular branch
  2. cochlear branch

vestibular detects liner and angular (turning) movement

cochlear is responsible for hearing sounds

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12
Q

Glossopharyngeal sensory component hold neurons for […] to […] of […], sensory neurons of […] and […].

A

taste; posterior 1/3; tongue; pharynx; eardrum

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13
Q

Glossopharyngeal motor component involves the […] muscle (swallowing) and […] glands.

A

stylopharyngeus; parotid salivary

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14
Q

Vagus sensory component consists of what?

A
  1. pharynx
  2. external acoustic meatus
  3. diaphragm
  4. internal organs of the thoracic/abdominopelvic cavities
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15
Q

Vagus motor component has motor fibers that can be found…

A
  1. palate
  2. pharynx
  3. autonomic motor fibers to internal organs
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16
Q

Which nerve can be found almost everywhere?

A

vagus

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17
Q

Accessory nerve is entirely […] and innervates the […] and […] muscles.

A

motor; trapezius; sternocleidomastoid

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18
Q

Accessory nerve originates at the […].

A

spinal cord

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19
Q

Hypoglossal nerve is entirely […] and innervates the muscles that move the […].

A

motor; tongue

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20
Q

The lacrimal apparatus works to produce […] that are needed to wet the […] and flush […] from the […].

A

tears; front of the eye; debris; ocular surface

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21
Q

What are the 6 extrinsic eye muscles?

A
  1. superior rectus
  2. medial rectus
  3. lateral rectus
  4. inferior rectus
  5. superior oblique
  6. inferior oblique
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22
Q

Strabisumus:

A

congenital weakness of the external eye muscles

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23
Q

Affected eye in someone who suffers from strabismus rotates…

A

laterally or medially

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24
Q

Strabismus– Eyes alternate in […].

A

focusing objects

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25
Q

Strabismus– The brain shuts off […] which leads to […].

A

deviant eyes; functional blindness

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26
Q

Three tunics (layers) that form the wall of the eyeball:

A
  1. retina
  2. choroid
  3. sclera
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27
Q

The retina contains…

A

photoreceptors

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28
Q

The choroid contains…

A

color (melanocytes) and is vascular

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29
Q

The sclera contains…

A

white, fibrous connective tissue, and is avascular

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30
Q

Conjunctiva:

A

transparent mucous membrane that lines eyelids and covers anterior surface of eyeball (except cornea)

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31
Q

Sclera:

A

dense, collagenous (white of the eye)

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32
Q

Conjunctivitis is also known as…

A

pink eye

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33
Q

Conjunctivitis– Eyeball displays redness and swelling, is this a sign of bacterial or viral symptom?

A

both bacterial and viral

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34
Q

Conjunctivitis– Opaque discharge, is this a bacterial or viral symptom?

A

bacterial

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35
Q

Conjunctivitis– Clear tearing, is this a bacterial or viral symptom?

A

viral

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36
Q

Conjunctivitis– Crust buildup on the eyelid, is this a sign of bacterial or viral symptom?

A

bacterial

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37
Q

Conjunctivitis– Follicles (bumps) on the inner part of eyelid, is this a sign of bacterial or viral symptom?

A

viral

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38
Q

Cornea:

A

transparent cover on anterior surface of the eyeball

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39
Q

Pupil:

A

central opening

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40
Q

Iris:

A

colored diaphragm controlling size of pupil

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41
Q

Anterior segment of the eye contains…

A

anterior and posterior chamber

42
Q

What is within the anterior chamber of the eyeball?

A

aqueous humor

43
Q

What is within the posterior chamber of the eyeball?

A

aqueous humor

44
Q

Posterior segment of the eye contains…

A

vitreous body

45
Q

What does the vitreous body contain?

A

vitreous

46
Q

Lens:

A

suspended by suspensory ligaments from ciliary body

47
Q

Lens aspects:

A
  1. changes shape to help focus light

2. rounded with no tension or flattened with pull of sensory ligaments

48
Q

Cataract:

A

clouding of lens

49
Q

What specifically happens to the lens during the formation of cataracts?

A

lens fibers darken with age, fluid-filled bubbles and clefts filled with debris appear between the fibers

50
Q

What can introduce cataracts (besides aging)?

A

diabetes, smoking, drugs, UV radiation, certain viruses

51
Q

What is done to correct cataracts?

A

replace natural lens with plastic one

52
Q

Glaucoma:

A

elevated pressure within the eye due to obstruction of scleral venous sinus and improper drainage of aqueous humor

53
Q

Glaucoma– Death of […] due to compression of […] and lack of […].

A

retinal cells; blood vessels; oxygen

54
Q

Glaucoma– What is the timeline of general symptoms?

A
  1. illusory flashes of light are the earliest

2. colored halos around lights are a later symptom

55
Q

T/F: Glaucoma patients can restore lost vision.

A

false

cannot be restored

56
Q

Retina is attached to the rest of the eye only at […] and at […].

A

optic disc; ora serrata

57
Q

Detached retina results in…

A

blurry areas in field of vision and leads to blindness

58
Q

Examination of the retina can be done by the use of a …

A

opthalmoscope

59
Q

What are the main/general structures seen through the ophthalmoscope?

A
  1. macula lutea
  2. fovea centralis
  3. blood vessels of the retina
60
Q

Macula lutea:

A

patch of cells on visual axis of eye

61
Q

Fovea centralis:

A

pit in center of macula lutea

62
Q

What is the outer layer of the retina composed of?

A

pigmented cells

63
Q

What is the inner layer (neural) of the retina composed of?

A
  1. photoreceptors
  2. bipolar cells
  3. ganglion cells
64
Q

List the two types of photoreceptors:

What kind of light do they recept?

A
  1. rods – dim/night light

2. cones – color/day light

65
Q

Color blindness:

A

congenital lack of one or more cone pigments

66
Q

What gene is affected with color blindness?

A

X-linked condition

more common in males (XY)

67
Q

What percentage of males have some form of color blindness?

A

8-10%

68
Q

The most common type of color blindness is…

A

red-green

69
Q

The first part of the visual pathway. The axons of the […] of the retina […] at the […] aspect of the eyeball and exit as the […].

A

ganglion cells; converge; posterior; optic nerve

70
Q

Second portion of the visual pathway. At the […], the fibers crossover.

A

optic chiasm

71
Q

Third part of the visual pathway. The […] formed contain fibers from the […] of the eye on the same side and from the […] of the opposite eye.

A

optic tracts; lateral side; medial side

72
Q

What are the divisions of the ear?

A
  1. external ear (hearing)
  2. middles ear (hearing)
  3. internal ear (hearing and equilibrium)
73
Q

The external ear components:

A
  1. auricle (pinna)
  2. external acoustic meatus (auditory canal)
  3. ceruminous glands
74
Q

Ceruminous glands secrete…

A

cerumen (ear wax)

75
Q

Auricle (pinna) composition:

A
  1. elastic cartilage
  2. rim
  3. lobule
76
Q

Middle ear components:

A
  1. malleus
  2. incus
  3. tympanic membrane
  4. stapes
  5. oval window
  6. round window
  7. pharyngotympanic tube
77
Q

Middle ear inflammation:

A

otitis media

78
Q

Otitis media is a common result of a…

A

sore throat

79
Q

Which age group is affected dearly by otitis media?

A

hearing loss in children

80
Q

What anatomically happens with otitis media?

A

eardrum bulges and becomes inflamed and red

81
Q

Treatment used to fight otitis media is…

A

antibiotics

82
Q

The internal ear lies within the […], behind the […].

A

temporal bone; eye socket

83
Q

Name the two labyrinths within the internal ear:

A
  1. bony labyrinth

2. membranous labyrinth

84
Q

Internal ear– Bony labyrinth channels in the […], contains […].

A

bone; perilymph

85
Q

Internal ear– Membranous labyrinth holds […] and […], contained within the labyrinth is […].

A

sacs; ducts; endolymph

86
Q

Inner ear— Vestibule (bone cavity) has:

A
  1. saccule
  2. utricule
  3. maculae
87
Q

Inner ear– Vestibule membranous sacs:

A

saccule and utricule

88
Q

What is the house of equilibrium within the inner ear?

A

vestibules maculaer

89
Q

Maculae respond to the […] and report changes of […].

A

pull of gravity; head position

90
Q

Inner ear– Semicircular ducts:

A
  1. anterior
  2. posterior
  3. lateral
91
Q

What do the semicircular ducts communicate to?

A

utricle

92
Q

Inner ear– Each duct has a(n) […] that houses a(n) […] receptor region called […].

A

ampulla; equilibrium; crista ampullaris

93
Q

Inner ear– Cochlea houses the […] which have the receptor organ of […] known as the […].

A

cochlear ducts; hearing; organ of corti

94
Q

Inner ear– Cochlea chambers:

A
  1. scala vestibuli (vestibule duct)
  2. scala media (cochlear duct)
  3. scala tympani (tympanic duct)
95
Q

Cochlea– Scala media is filled with […].

A

endolymph

96
Q

Cochlea– Scala vestibuli and tympani are filled with […].

A

perilymph

97
Q

Chemoreceptors:

A

respond to chemical in an aqueous solution

98
Q

Smell receptors are excited by […] that dissolve in fluids coating […].

A

airborne chemicals; nasal membranes

99
Q

Taste buds:

A

hold receptor cells that detect dissolve chemicals

100
Q

Gustatory epithelial cells:

A

receptor cells for taste

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