Lab Exam Three: Cranial Nerves Flashcards
What is the mnemonic to remember the cranial nerves?
Oh (olfactory) Once (optic) One (oculomotor) Takes (trochlear) The (trigeminal) Anatomy (abducens) Final (facial) Very (vestibulocochlear) Good (glossopharyngeal) Vacations (vagus) Are (accessory) Heavenly (hypoglossal)
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
- olfactory
- optic
- oculomotor
- trochlear
- trigeminal
- abducens
- facial
- vestibulocochlear
- glossopharyngeal
- vagus
- accessory
- hypoglossal
Olfactory nerve begins in the […] and contains sensory fibers for […] (smell).
nasal cavity; olfaction
Optic nerve begins at the […] of the eyes and is responsible for […].
retina; vision
Which cranial nerves innervate the 6 extrinsic muscles that perform voluntary eye movements?
- oculomotor nerve
- trochlear nerve
- abducens nerve
The trigeminal nerve has 3 branches:
- ophthalmic
- maxillary
- mandibular
Trigeminal is mainly […], sensation of the […].
sensory; face
Facial nerve has what two components?
- sensory component
2. motor component
Facial nerves sensory component has sensation from the […] of the […].
anterior 2/3; tongue
The motor component of the facial nerve has […] of facial expression, […] from […] and […] glands.
muscles; secretion; lacrimal; salivary
Vestibulocochlear cranial nerves consists of what two branches? What is the purpose of branch?
- vestibular branch
- cochlear branch
vestibular detects liner and angular (turning) movement
cochlear is responsible for hearing sounds
Glossopharyngeal sensory component hold neurons for […] to […] of […], sensory neurons of […] and […].
taste; posterior 1/3; tongue; pharynx; eardrum
Glossopharyngeal motor component involves the […] muscle (swallowing) and […] glands.
stylopharyngeus; parotid salivary
Vagus sensory component consists of what?
- pharynx
- external acoustic meatus
- diaphragm
- internal organs of the thoracic/abdominopelvic cavities
Vagus motor component has motor fibers that can be found…
- palate
- pharynx
- autonomic motor fibers to internal organs
Which nerve can be found almost everywhere?
vagus
Accessory nerve is entirely […] and innervates the […] and […] muscles.
motor; trapezius; sternocleidomastoid
Accessory nerve originates at the […].
spinal cord
Hypoglossal nerve is entirely […] and innervates the muscles that move the […].
motor; tongue
The lacrimal apparatus works to produce […] that are needed to wet the […] and flush […] from the […].
tears; front of the eye; debris; ocular surface
What are the 6 extrinsic eye muscles?
- superior rectus
- medial rectus
- lateral rectus
- inferior rectus
- superior oblique
- inferior oblique
Strabisumus:
congenital weakness of the external eye muscles
Affected eye in someone who suffers from strabismus rotates…
laterally or medially
Strabismus– Eyes alternate in […].
focusing objects
Strabismus– The brain shuts off […] which leads to […].
deviant eyes; functional blindness
Three tunics (layers) that form the wall of the eyeball:
- retina
- choroid
- sclera
The retina contains…
photoreceptors
The choroid contains…
color (melanocytes) and is vascular
The sclera contains…
white, fibrous connective tissue, and is avascular
Conjunctiva:
transparent mucous membrane that lines eyelids and covers anterior surface of eyeball (except cornea)
Sclera:
dense, collagenous (white of the eye)
Conjunctivitis is also known as…
pink eye
Conjunctivitis– Eyeball displays redness and swelling, is this a sign of bacterial or viral symptom?
both bacterial and viral
Conjunctivitis– Opaque discharge, is this a bacterial or viral symptom?
bacterial
Conjunctivitis– Clear tearing, is this a bacterial or viral symptom?
viral
Conjunctivitis– Crust buildup on the eyelid, is this a sign of bacterial or viral symptom?
bacterial
Conjunctivitis– Follicles (bumps) on the inner part of eyelid, is this a sign of bacterial or viral symptom?
viral
Cornea:
transparent cover on anterior surface of the eyeball
Pupil:
central opening
Iris:
colored diaphragm controlling size of pupil
Anterior segment of the eye contains…
anterior and posterior chamber
What is within the anterior chamber of the eyeball?
aqueous humor
What is within the posterior chamber of the eyeball?
aqueous humor
Posterior segment of the eye contains…
vitreous body
What does the vitreous body contain?
vitreous
Lens:
suspended by suspensory ligaments from ciliary body
Lens aspects:
- changes shape to help focus light
2. rounded with no tension or flattened with pull of sensory ligaments
Cataract:
clouding of lens
What specifically happens to the lens during the formation of cataracts?
lens fibers darken with age, fluid-filled bubbles and clefts filled with debris appear between the fibers
What can introduce cataracts (besides aging)?
diabetes, smoking, drugs, UV radiation, certain viruses
What is done to correct cataracts?
replace natural lens with plastic one
Glaucoma:
elevated pressure within the eye due to obstruction of scleral venous sinus and improper drainage of aqueous humor
Glaucoma– Death of […] due to compression of […] and lack of […].
retinal cells; blood vessels; oxygen
Glaucoma– What is the timeline of general symptoms?
- illusory flashes of light are the earliest
2. colored halos around lights are a later symptom
T/F: Glaucoma patients can restore lost vision.
false
cannot be restored
Retina is attached to the rest of the eye only at […] and at […].
optic disc; ora serrata
Detached retina results in…
blurry areas in field of vision and leads to blindness
Examination of the retina can be done by the use of a …
opthalmoscope
What are the main/general structures seen through the ophthalmoscope?
- macula lutea
- fovea centralis
- blood vessels of the retina
Macula lutea:
patch of cells on visual axis of eye
Fovea centralis:
pit in center of macula lutea
What is the outer layer of the retina composed of?
pigmented cells
What is the inner layer (neural) of the retina composed of?
- photoreceptors
- bipolar cells
- ganglion cells
List the two types of photoreceptors:
What kind of light do they recept?
- rods – dim/night light
2. cones – color/day light
Color blindness:
congenital lack of one or more cone pigments
What gene is affected with color blindness?
X-linked condition
more common in males (XY)
What percentage of males have some form of color blindness?
8-10%
The most common type of color blindness is…
red-green
The first part of the visual pathway. The axons of the […] of the retina […] at the […] aspect of the eyeball and exit as the […].
ganglion cells; converge; posterior; optic nerve
Second portion of the visual pathway. At the […], the fibers crossover.
optic chiasm
Third part of the visual pathway. The […] formed contain fibers from the […] of the eye on the same side and from the […] of the opposite eye.
optic tracts; lateral side; medial side
What are the divisions of the ear?
- external ear (hearing)
- middles ear (hearing)
- internal ear (hearing and equilibrium)
The external ear components:
- auricle (pinna)
- external acoustic meatus (auditory canal)
- ceruminous glands
Ceruminous glands secrete…
cerumen (ear wax)
Auricle (pinna) composition:
- elastic cartilage
- rim
- lobule
Middle ear components:
- malleus
- incus
- tympanic membrane
- stapes
- oval window
- round window
- pharyngotympanic tube
Middle ear inflammation:
otitis media
Otitis media is a common result of a…
sore throat
Which age group is affected dearly by otitis media?
hearing loss in children
What anatomically happens with otitis media?
eardrum bulges and becomes inflamed and red
Treatment used to fight otitis media is…
antibiotics
The internal ear lies within the […], behind the […].
temporal bone; eye socket
Name the two labyrinths within the internal ear:
- bony labyrinth
2. membranous labyrinth
Internal ear– Bony labyrinth channels in the […], contains […].
bone; perilymph
Internal ear– Membranous labyrinth holds […] and […], contained within the labyrinth is […].
sacs; ducts; endolymph
Inner ear— Vestibule (bone cavity) has:
- saccule
- utricule
- maculae
Inner ear– Vestibule membranous sacs:
saccule and utricule
What is the house of equilibrium within the inner ear?
vestibules maculaer
Maculae respond to the […] and report changes of […].
pull of gravity; head position
Inner ear– Semicircular ducts:
- anterior
- posterior
- lateral
What do the semicircular ducts communicate to?
utricle
Inner ear– Each duct has a(n) […] that houses a(n) […] receptor region called […].
ampulla; equilibrium; crista ampullaris
Inner ear– Cochlea houses the […] which have the receptor organ of […] known as the […].
cochlear ducts; hearing; organ of corti
Inner ear– Cochlea chambers:
- scala vestibuli (vestibule duct)
- scala media (cochlear duct)
- scala tympani (tympanic duct)
Cochlea– Scala media is filled with […].
endolymph
Cochlea– Scala vestibuli and tympani are filled with […].
perilymph
Chemoreceptors:
respond to chemical in an aqueous solution
Smell receptors are excited by […] that dissolve in fluids coating […].
airborne chemicals; nasal membranes
Taste buds:
hold receptor cells that detect dissolve chemicals
Gustatory epithelial cells:
receptor cells for taste