Lab Exam Three: Cranial Nerves Flashcards by Carissa Garcia

What is the mnemonic to remember the cranial nerves?

Oh (olfactory)
Once (optic)
One (oculomotor)
Takes (trochlear)
The (trigeminal)
Anatomy (abducens) 
Final (facial)
Very (vestibulocochlear)
Good (glossopharyngeal)
Vacations (vagus)
Are (accessory)
Heavenly (hypoglossal)

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What are the 12 cranial nerves?

olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal

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Olfactory nerve begins in the […] and contains sensory fibers for […] (smell).

nasal cavity; olfaction

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Optic nerve begins at the […] of the eyes and is responsible for […].

retina; vision

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Which cranial nerves innervate the 6 extrinsic muscles that perform voluntary eye movements?

oculomotor nerve
trochlear nerve
abducens nerve

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The trigeminal nerve has 3 branches:

ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular

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Trigeminal is mainly […], sensation of the […].

sensory; face

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Facial nerve has what two components?

sensory component

2. motor component

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Facial nerves sensory component has sensation from the […] of the […].

anterior 2/3; tongue

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The motor component of the facial nerve has […] of facial expression, […] from […] and […] glands.

muscles; secretion; lacrimal; salivary

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Vestibulocochlear cranial nerves consists of what two branches? What is the purpose of branch?

vestibular branch
cochlear branch

vestibular detects liner and angular (turning) movement

cochlear is responsible for hearing sounds

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Glossopharyngeal sensory component hold neurons for […] to […] of […], sensory neurons of […] and […].

taste; posterior 1/3; tongue; pharynx; eardrum

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Glossopharyngeal motor component involves the […] muscle (swallowing) and […] glands.

stylopharyngeus; parotid salivary

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Vagus sensory component consists of what?

pharynx
external acoustic meatus
diaphragm
internal organs of the thoracic/abdominopelvic cavities

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Vagus motor component has motor fibers that can be found…

palate
pharynx
autonomic motor fibers to internal organs

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Which nerve can be found almost everywhere?

vagus

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Accessory nerve is entirely […] and innervates the […] and […] muscles.

motor; trapezius; sternocleidomastoid

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Accessory nerve originates at the […].

spinal cord

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Hypoglossal nerve is entirely […] and innervates the muscles that move the […].

motor; tongue

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The lacrimal apparatus works to produce […] that are needed to wet the […] and flush […] from the […].

tears; front of the eye; debris; ocular surface

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What are the 6 extrinsic eye muscles?

superior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique

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Strabisumus:

congenital weakness of the external eye muscles

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Affected eye in someone who suffers from strabismus rotates…

laterally or medially

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Strabismus– Eyes alternate in […].

focusing objects

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Strabismus-- The brain shuts off [...] which leads to [...].

deviant eyes; functional blindness

Three tunics (layers) that form the wall of the eyeball:

1. retina 2. choroid 3. sclera

The retina contains...

photoreceptors

The choroid contains...

color (melanocytes) and is vascular

The sclera contains...

white, fibrous connective tissue, and is avascular

Conjunctiva:

transparent mucous membrane that lines eyelids and covers anterior surface of eyeball (except cornea)

Sclera:

dense, collagenous (white of the eye)

Conjunctivitis is also known as...

pink eye

Conjunctivitis-- Eyeball displays redness and swelling, is this a sign of bacterial or viral symptom?

both bacterial and viral

Conjunctivitis-- Opaque discharge, is this a bacterial or viral symptom?

bacterial

Conjunctivitis-- Clear tearing, is this a bacterial or viral symptom?

viral

Conjunctivitis-- Crust buildup on the eyelid, is this a sign of bacterial or viral symptom?

bacterial

Conjunctivitis-- Follicles (bumps) on the inner part of eyelid, is this a sign of bacterial or viral symptom?

viral

Cornea:

transparent cover on anterior surface of the eyeball

Pupil:

central opening

Iris:

colored diaphragm controlling size of pupil

Anterior segment of the eye contains...

anterior and posterior chamber

What is within the anterior chamber of the eyeball?

aqueous humor

What is within the posterior chamber of the eyeball?

aqueous humor

Posterior segment of the eye contains...

vitreous body

What does the vitreous body contain?

vitreous

Lens:

suspended by suspensory ligaments from ciliary body

Lens aspects:

1. changes shape to help focus light | 2. rounded with no tension or flattened with pull of sensory ligaments

Cataract:

clouding of lens

What specifically happens to the lens during the formation of cataracts?

lens fibers darken with age, fluid-filled bubbles and clefts filled with debris appear between the fibers

What can introduce cataracts (besides aging)?

diabetes, smoking, drugs, UV radiation, certain viruses

What is done to correct cataracts?

replace natural lens with plastic one

Glaucoma:

elevated pressure within the eye due to obstruction of scleral venous sinus and improper drainage of aqueous humor

Glaucoma-- Death of [...] due to compression of [...] and lack of [...].

retinal cells; blood vessels; oxygen

Glaucoma-- What is the timeline of general symptoms?

1. illusory flashes of light are the earliest | 2. colored halos around lights are a later symptom

T/F: Glaucoma patients can restore lost vision.

false cannot be restored

Retina is attached to the rest of the eye only at [...] and at [...].

optic disc; ora serrata

Detached retina results in...

blurry areas in field of vision and leads to blindness

Examination of the retina can be done by the use of a ...

opthalmoscope

What are the main/general structures seen through the ophthalmoscope?

1. macula lutea 2. fovea centralis 3. blood vessels of the retina

Macula lutea:

patch of cells on visual axis of eye

Fovea centralis:

pit in center of macula lutea

What is the outer layer of the retina composed of?

pigmented cells

What is the inner layer (neural) of the retina composed of?

1. photoreceptors 2. bipolar cells 3. ganglion cells

List the two types of photoreceptors: What kind of light do they recept?

1. rods -- dim/night light | 2. cones -- color/day light

Color blindness:

congenital lack of one or more cone pigments

What gene is affected with color blindness?

X-linked condition more common in males (XY)

What percentage of males have some form of color blindness?

8-10%

The most common type of color blindness is...

red-green

The first part of the visual pathway. The axons of the [...] of the retina [...] at the [...] aspect of the eyeball and exit as the [...].

ganglion cells; converge; posterior; optic nerve

Second portion of the visual pathway. At the [...], the fibers crossover.

optic chiasm

Third part of the visual pathway. The [...] formed contain fibers from the [...] of the eye on the same side and from the [...] of the opposite eye.

optic tracts; lateral side; medial side

What are the divisions of the ear?

1. external ear (hearing) 2. middles ear (hearing) 3. internal ear (hearing and equilibrium)

The external ear components:

1. auricle (pinna) 2. external acoustic meatus (auditory canal) 3. ceruminous glands

Ceruminous glands secrete...

cerumen (ear wax)

Auricle (pinna) composition:

1. elastic cartilage 2. rim 3. lobule

Middle ear components:

1. malleus 2. incus 3. tympanic membrane 4. stapes 5. oval window 6. round window 7. pharyngotympanic tube

Middle ear inflammation:

otitis media

Otitis media is a common result of a...

sore throat

Which age group is affected dearly by otitis media?

hearing loss in children

What anatomically happens with otitis media?

eardrum bulges and becomes inflamed and red

Treatment used to fight otitis media is...

antibiotics

The internal ear lies within the [...], behind the [...].

temporal bone; eye socket

Name the two labyrinths within the internal ear:

1. bony labyrinth | 2. membranous labyrinth

Internal ear-- Bony labyrinth channels in the [...], contains [...].

bone; perilymph

Internal ear-- Membranous labyrinth holds [...] and [...], contained within the labyrinth is [...].

sacs; ducts; endolymph

Inner ear--- Vestibule (bone cavity) has:

1. saccule 2. utricule 3. maculae

Inner ear-- Vestibule membranous sacs:

saccule and utricule

What is the house of equilibrium within the inner ear?

vestibules maculaer

Maculae respond to the [...] and report changes of [...].

pull of gravity; head position

Inner ear-- Semicircular ducts:

1. anterior 2. posterior 3. lateral

What do the semicircular ducts communicate to?

utricle

Inner ear-- Each duct has a(n) [...] that houses a(n) [...] receptor region called [...].

ampulla; equilibrium; crista ampullaris

Inner ear-- Cochlea houses the [...] which have the receptor organ of [...] known as the [...].

cochlear ducts; hearing; organ of corti

Inner ear-- Cochlea chambers:

1. scala vestibuli (vestibule duct) 2. scala media (cochlear duct) 3. scala tympani (tympanic duct)

Cochlea-- Scala media is filled with [...].

endolymph

Cochlea-- Scala vestibuli and tympani are filled with [...].

perilymph

Chemoreceptors:

respond to chemical in an aqueous solution

Smell receptors are excited by [...] that dissolve in fluids coating [...].

airborne chemicals; nasal membranes

Taste buds:

hold receptor cells that detect dissolve chemicals

Gustatory epithelial cells:

receptor cells for taste