Lecture Exam Three: Chapter 15 Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the special senses?
A
touch
2
Q
What are the special senses?
A
- vision
- taste
- smell
- hearing
- equilibrium
3
Q
Special senses are mediated by […] NOT by […].
A
special sensory receptors; general receptors
4
Q
Of the following senses, which accounts for the majority of sensory receptors in the body?
A
vision
5
Q
How many of the body’s sensory receptors can be found in the eye?
A
70%
6
Q
How much of the cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing?
A
half
7
Q
Only […] of the eyeball structure is actual visible.
A
1/6
8
Q
Which of the following terms is a synonym for eyelids?
A
palpebrae
9
Q
Pinkeye is an infection of the […] of the eye.
A
conjunctiva
10
Q
In order to turn the eye straight down, the actions of the […] muscle(s) us (are) required.
A
inferior rectus and superior oblique
11
Q
Which muscles move the eye laterally. Which cranial nerve controls it?
A
lateral rectus; abducens
12
Q
Which muscle elevates eye and turns it medially? Which cranial nerve controls it?
A
superior rectus; oculomotor
13
Q
Which muscles move the eye medially? Which cranial nerve controls it?
A
medial rectus; oculomotor
14
Q
Which muscles depresses the eye and turns it medially? What cranial nerve controls it?
A
inferior rectus; oculomotor
15
Q
Which muscles elevate and turns the eye laterally? Which cranial nerves control it?
A
inferior oblique; oculomotor
16
Q
What do you call a tarsal gland cyst?
A
chalazion
17
Q
Sty:
A
inflammation of any of the smaller sebaceous glands in your eyelid
18
Q
Conjunctivitis:
A
inflammation of the conjunctiva (red)
19
Q
Pinkeye:
A
conjunctival infection caused by bacteria and viruses
20
Q
Diplopia is also known as […].
A
double vision
21
Q
Diplopia:
A
movements of external muscles of two eyes are not perfectly coordinated
22
Q
What can cause diplopia?
A
paralysis, extrinsic weakness, or neurological disorders
23
Q
Strabismus:
A
congenital weakness of external eye muscles
24
Q
Due to strabismus the eye rotates…
A
laterally and medially
25
What happens to the deviant eye during strabismus?
no treatment results in the functional blindness
26
The cornea is actually part of the [...] layer of the eye.
fibrous
27
What are the three layers of the eyeball?
1. fibrous
2. vascular
3. inner
28
Eye-- The internal cavity filled with fluids called [...].
humors
29
Eye-- What separates the two cavities?
lens
30
The ciliary muscle helps to...
control the shall of the lens
31
Sympathetic fibers innervating the iris of the eye cause which response?
dilation
32
Parasympathetic fibers innervating the iris of the eye cause which response?
constriction
33
What are the two pupilaes of the iris?
1. sphincter
| 2. dilator
34
The place in the retina where the optic nerve leaves is called the [...].
optic disk or blind spot
35
The optic nerve is primarily composed of axons from which nerve cell in the retina?
ganglion cells
36
Focusing an object on the [...] provides the highest visual acuity.
fovea centralis
37
What is retinal detachmen?
condition where pigmented and neural layers separate allowing jellylike vitreous humor to seep between them
38
What can retinal detachment lead to?
permanent blindness
39
When does retinal detachment occur?
during traumatic blow to head or sudden stopping of head during movement
**bungee jumping
40
Glaucoma is a disorder in which:
there is elevated pressure in the eye that compresses the retina and optic nerve, there is also improper drainage of the aqueous humor
41
What is the most notable sign of glaucoma?
seeing halos around lights and blurred vision
42
How is glaucoma deteced?
directing puff of air to measure amount of corneal deformation
43
What is the treatment for glaucoma?
eye drops that increase rate of aqueous humor drainage or decrease its production (laser therapy or surgery)
44
Cataract:
clouding of the lens
45
What can cause cataracts to form?
aging, diabetes, mellitus, heavy smoking, frequent exposure to intense sunlight
46
What can increase cataract formation?
vitamin c
47
What is the treatment for cataracts?
lens can be replaced with artificial lens
48
What is the wavelength of light?
400 and 700 nm
49
The formation of rainbows reflects the fact that [...].
visible light consists of multiple wavelengths of light
50
Color blindness:
lack of one or more cone pigments
51
What is the most common type of color blindness?
red-green
52
A person with defective cones will have trouble [...]
distinguishing colors
53
When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we see
white
54
Visual pigments are differentiates based on the identity of the [...] protein.
opsin
55
Refraction:
bending of light rays
56
Why does refraction occur?
due to change in speed of light when it passes from one transparent medium to another and path of light is at an oblique angle
57
Convex does what to the light?
bends light
58
Concave does what to the light?
disperse
59
Sympathetic innervation is more predominant during [...].
distant vision
60
Far point of vision:
distance beyond which no change in lens shape is needed for focusing
61
Emmetropic eye is also known as
normal eye
62
What is the optimal distance for distant vision? Why is this the case?
20 feet
cornea and lens focus light precisely on retina at this distance
63
Distant vision means the lens shape is...
flat due to the pull on ciliary zonule
64
Parasympathetic input vs sympathetic input:
p = lens bulges for close vision
s = lens flattens for distant vision
65
If your Optometrist tells you that your right eye is emmetropic, you will need what kind of lens?
none, eye is normal
66
Myoptic mean your will need what kind of lens?
concave
**nearsighted
67
The light-dependent step in vision involves:
stimulating the transformation in retinal from the 11- cis- isomer to the 11-trans-isomer
68
The detection of light is ultimately communicated to the brain because [...].
photoreceptor cell hyperpolarization
69
How many steps are generally involved in retinal absorption?
5
70
List the steps for retinal absorption:
1. retinal absorbs and changes shape, visual pigment activates
2. visual pigment activates transducin (G protein)
3. transducin activates PDE (phosphodiesterase)
4. PDE converts cGMP into GMP, cause cGMP levels to fall
5. cGMP-gated cation channels close, resulting in hyperpolarization
71
Which cell type determine whether a particular ganglion cell will be "on-center" or "off-center"?
bipolar cell
72
During light adaption:
we lose retinal sensitivity, but gain visual activity
73
Rhodopsin is so sensitive that [...] occurs even in [...].
bleaching; starlight
74
Nyctalopia:
night blindness; condition in which rod function is seriously hampered
75
What can cause nyctalopia?
prolonged vitamin A deficiency or retinitis pigmentosa
76
Retinitis pigmentosa:
1. degenerative retinal diseases that destroy rods
| 2. tips of rods are not replaced when they slough off
77
Chemoreceptors are used by what two systems?
smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation)
78
Chemicals must be dissolved in [...] to be picked up by [...]. Smell receptors are picked up by chemicals dissolved in [...] while taste receptors respond to chemicals dissolved in [...].
aqueous solution; chemoreceptors; nasal fluids; saliva
79
The receptive structures for smell are the:
olfactory receptor cells and cilia
80
In detection of smell, odorants themselves:
bind to receptors and stimulate opening of ion channels
81
The olfactory receptor G-protein known as Golf probably activates which of the following enzymes?
adenylyl cyclase
82
Taste is [...] smell.
80%
83
The relationship between smell and taste is evidenced by the fact that both sensations are a type of [...].
chemoreception
84
Where are most taste buds located?
tongue in papillae
85
Funigiform papillae:
tops of these mushroom-shaped structures house most taste buds; scattered across tongue
86
Foliate papillae:
on sides walls of tongue
87
Vallate papillae:
largest taste buds with 8-12 forming "V" at back of the tongue
88
Few taste buds are located on...
soft palate, cheeks. pharynx, epiglottis
89
Circumvallate:
lie near the back of the palatine section of the tongue; arranged in a V shaped formation
90
Umami:
1. describes the way glutamate and some nucleotides taste
| 2. signals nutritious, desirable foods
91
Name the 5 basic taste sensations:
1. sweet
2. sour
3. salty
4. bitter
5. umami
92
Sweet:
sugars, saccharin, alcohol, some AA, some lead salts
93
Sour:
hydrogen ions in solutions
94
Salty:
metal ions (inorganic salts); sodium chloride tastes saltiest
95
Bitter:
alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine, caffeine, and nonalkaloids such as aspirin
96
Umami:
AA glutamate and aspartate
97
What is an example of umami?
beef (meat), cheese taste, and monosodium glutamate
98
The hearing receptors are located in the [...].
internal ear
99
The ear's three major areas and function:
1. external (hearing)
2. middle (hearing)
3. internal (hearing and equilibrium)
100
T/F: Receptors for hearing and equilibrium act independently of one another.
true
**respond to different stimuli
101
Sound wavs are transmitted from the external environment to the middle ear by the [...].
acoustic meatus
102
The middle ear ossicles serve to [...] the sound waves onto the oval window.
amplify
103
Sound waves are transmitted directly into the inner ear by movements of the [...].
oval window
104
The tensor tympani muscle arises from the wall of the pharyngotympanic tube and inserts on the [...].
malleus
105
The [...] is part of the membranous labyrinth and therefore is filled with endolymph.
scala media (cochlear duct)
106
Hearing:
reception of an air sound wave converted to a fluid wave
107
What do sound waves stimulate?
mechanosensitive cochlear hair cells
108
Sounds:
pressure disturbance produced by a vibrating object and propagated by molecule of the medium (air)
109
The [...] of sound waves is interpreted as differing pitches, whereas the [...] of sound waves is interpreted as loudness.
frequency; amplitude
110
The organ of corti sends electrical information about sound to the brain. The perceived pitch of a sound is determined by [...].
the location of the activated hair cells on the basilar membrane
111
Transduction of sound stimuli occurs as a result of (3):
1. bending of the hair cells, which stimulates the opening of the mechanically gated ion channels in their membrane
2. receptor potential generation
3. release of the neurotransmitter glutamate
112
The [...] provides a reference point for the direction of bending of stereocilia on hair cells.
tallest stereocillium
113
What are the two types of deafness?
1. conduction deafness
| 2. sensorineural deafness
114
Conduction deafness:
blocked sound conduction to fluids of internal ear
115
What are the causes of conduction deafness?
impacted earwax, perforated eardrum, otitis media, ostosclerosis of the ossicles
116
Sensorineural deafness:
damage to neural structures at any point from cochlear hair cells to auditory cortical cells
117
Sensorineural deafness is typically from...
gradual hair loss
118
Cochlear implants:
convert sound energy into electrical signals
119
Cochlear implants are drilled into [...].
recess in temporal bone
