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Anatomy > Lecture Exam Three: Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam Three: Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the special senses?

A

touch

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2
Q

What are the special senses?

A
  1. vision
  2. taste
  3. smell
  4. hearing
  5. equilibrium
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3
Q

Special senses are mediated by […] NOT by […].

A

special sensory receptors; general receptors

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4
Q

Of the following senses, which accounts for the majority of sensory receptors in the body?

A

vision

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5
Q

How many of the body’s sensory receptors can be found in the eye?

A

70%

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6
Q

How much of the cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing?

A

half

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7
Q

Only […] of the eyeball structure is actual visible.

A

1/6

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8
Q

Which of the following terms is a synonym for eyelids?

A

palpebrae

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9
Q

Pinkeye is an infection of the […] of the eye.

A

conjunctiva

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10
Q

In order to turn the eye straight down, the actions of the […] muscle(s) us (are) required.

A

inferior rectus and superior oblique

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11
Q

Which muscles move the eye laterally. Which cranial nerve controls it?

A

lateral rectus; abducens

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12
Q

Which muscle elevates eye and turns it medially? Which cranial nerve controls it?

A

superior rectus; oculomotor

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13
Q

Which muscles move the eye medially? Which cranial nerve controls it?

A

medial rectus; oculomotor

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14
Q

Which muscles depresses the eye and turns it medially? What cranial nerve controls it?

A

inferior rectus; oculomotor

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15
Q

Which muscles elevate and turns the eye laterally? Which cranial nerves control it?

A

inferior oblique; oculomotor

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16
Q

What do you call a tarsal gland cyst?

A

chalazion

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17
Q

Sty:

A

inflammation of any of the smaller sebaceous glands in your eyelid

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18
Q

Conjunctivitis:

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva (red)

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19
Q

Pinkeye:

A

conjunctival infection caused by bacteria and viruses

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20
Q

Diplopia is also known as […].

A

double vision

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21
Q

Diplopia:

A

movements of external muscles of two eyes are not perfectly coordinated

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22
Q

What can cause diplopia?

A

paralysis, extrinsic weakness, or neurological disorders

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23
Q

Strabismus:

A

congenital weakness of external eye muscles

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24
Q

Due to strabismus the eye rotates…

A

laterally and medially

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25
Q

What happens to the deviant eye during strabismus?

A

no treatment results in the functional blindness

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26
Q

The cornea is actually part of the […] layer of the eye.

A

fibrous

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27
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

A
  1. fibrous
  2. vascular
  3. inner
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28
Q

Eye– The internal cavity filled with fluids called […].

A

humors

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29
Q

Eye– What separates the two cavities?

A

lens

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30
Q

The ciliary muscle helps to…

A

control the shall of the lens

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31
Q

Sympathetic fibers innervating the iris of the eye cause which response?

A

dilation

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32
Q

Parasympathetic fibers innervating the iris of the eye cause which response?

A

constriction

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33
Q

What are the two pupilaes of the iris?

A
  1. sphincter

2. dilator

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34
Q

The place in the retina where the optic nerve leaves is called the […].

A

optic disk or blind spot

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35
Q

The optic nerve is primarily composed of axons from which nerve cell in the retina?

A

ganglion cells

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36
Q

Focusing an object on the […] provides the highest visual acuity.

A

fovea centralis

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37
Q

What is retinal detachmen?

A

condition where pigmented and neural layers separate allowing jellylike vitreous humor to seep between them

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38
Q

What can retinal detachment lead to?

A

permanent blindness

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39
Q

When does retinal detachment occur?

A

during traumatic blow to head or sudden stopping of head during movement

**bungee jumping

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40
Q

Glaucoma is a disorder in which:

A

there is elevated pressure in the eye that compresses the retina and optic nerve, there is also improper drainage of the aqueous humor

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41
Q

What is the most notable sign of glaucoma?

A

seeing halos around lights and blurred vision

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42
Q

How is glaucoma deteced?

A

directing puff of air to measure amount of corneal deformation

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43
Q

What is the treatment for glaucoma?

A

eye drops that increase rate of aqueous humor drainage or decrease its production (laser therapy or surgery)

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44
Q

Cataract:

A

clouding of the lens

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45
Q

What can cause cataracts to form?

A

aging, diabetes, mellitus, heavy smoking, frequent exposure to intense sunlight

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46
Q

What can increase cataract formation?

A

vitamin c

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47
Q

What is the treatment for cataracts?

A

lens can be replaced with artificial lens

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48
Q

What is the wavelength of light?

A

400 and 700 nm

49
Q

The formation of rainbows reflects the fact that […].

A

visible light consists of multiple wavelengths of light

50
Q

Color blindness:

A

lack of one or more cone pigments

51
Q

What is the most common type of color blindness?

A

red-green

52
Q

A person with defective cones will have trouble […]

A

distinguishing colors

53
Q

When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we see

A

white

54
Q

Visual pigments are differentiates based on the identity of the […] protein.

A

opsin

55
Q

Refraction:

A

bending of light rays

56
Q

Why does refraction occur?

A

due to change in speed of light when it passes from one transparent medium to another and path of light is at an oblique angle

57
Q

Convex does what to the light?

A

bends light

58
Q

Concave does what to the light?

A

disperse

59
Q

Sympathetic innervation is more predominant during […].

A

distant vision

60
Q

Far point of vision:

A

distance beyond which no change in lens shape is needed for focusing

61
Q

Emmetropic eye is also known as

A

normal eye

62
Q

What is the optimal distance for distant vision? Why is this the case?

A

20 feet

cornea and lens focus light precisely on retina at this distance

63
Q

Distant vision means the lens shape is…

A

flat due to the pull on ciliary zonule

64
Q

Parasympathetic input vs sympathetic input:

A

p = lens bulges for close vision

s = lens flattens for distant vision

65
Q

If your Optometrist tells you that your right eye is emmetropic, you will need what kind of lens?

A

none, eye is normal

66
Q

Myoptic mean your will need what kind of lens?

A

concave

**nearsighted

67
Q

The light-dependent step in vision involves:

A

stimulating the transformation in retinal from the 11- cis- isomer to the 11-trans-isomer

68
Q

The detection of light is ultimately communicated to the brain because […].

A

photoreceptor cell hyperpolarization

69
Q

How many steps are generally involved in retinal absorption?

A

5

70
Q

List the steps for retinal absorption:

A
  1. retinal absorbs and changes shape, visual pigment activates
  2. visual pigment activates transducin (G protein)
  3. transducin activates PDE (phosphodiesterase)
  4. PDE converts cGMP into GMP, cause cGMP levels to fall
  5. cGMP-gated cation channels close, resulting in hyperpolarization
71
Q

Which cell type determine whether a particular ganglion cell will be “on-center” or “off-center”?

A

bipolar cell

72
Q

During light adaption:

A

we lose retinal sensitivity, but gain visual activity

73
Q

Rhodopsin is so sensitive that […] occurs even in […].

A

bleaching; starlight

74
Q

Nyctalopia:

A

night blindness; condition in which rod function is seriously hampered

75
Q

What can cause nyctalopia?

A

prolonged vitamin A deficiency or retinitis pigmentosa

76
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa:

A
  1. degenerative retinal diseases that destroy rods

2. tips of rods are not replaced when they slough off

77
Q

Chemoreceptors are used by what two systems?

A

smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation)

78
Q

Chemicals must be dissolved in […] to be picked up by […]. Smell receptors are picked up by chemicals dissolved in […] while taste receptors respond to chemicals dissolved in […].

A

aqueous solution; chemoreceptors; nasal fluids; saliva

79
Q

The receptive structures for smell are the:

A

olfactory receptor cells and cilia

80
Q

In detection of smell, odorants themselves:

A

bind to receptors and stimulate opening of ion channels

81
Q

The olfactory receptor G-protein known as Golf probably activates which of the following enzymes?

A

adenylyl cyclase

82
Q

Taste is […] smell.

A

80%

83
Q

The relationship between smell and taste is evidenced by the fact that both sensations are a type of […].

A

chemoreception

84
Q

Where are most taste buds located?

A

tongue in papillae

85
Q

Funigiform papillae:

A

tops of these mushroom-shaped structures house most taste buds; scattered across tongue

86
Q

Foliate papillae:

A

on sides walls of tongue

87
Q

Vallate papillae:

A

largest taste buds with 8-12 forming “V” at back of the tongue

88
Q

Few taste buds are located on…

A

soft palate, cheeks. pharynx, epiglottis

89
Q

Circumvallate:

A

lie near the back of the palatine section of the tongue; arranged in a V shaped formation

90
Q

Umami:

A
  1. describes the way glutamate and some nucleotides taste

2. signals nutritious, desirable foods

91
Q

Name the 5 basic taste sensations:

A
  1. sweet
  2. sour
  3. salty
  4. bitter
  5. umami
92
Q

Sweet:

A

sugars, saccharin, alcohol, some AA, some lead salts

93
Q

Sour:

A

hydrogen ions in solutions

94
Q

Salty:

A

metal ions (inorganic salts); sodium chloride tastes saltiest

95
Q

Bitter:

A

alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine, caffeine, and nonalkaloids such as aspirin

96
Q

Umami:

A

AA glutamate and aspartate

97
Q

What is an example of umami?

A

beef (meat), cheese taste, and monosodium glutamate

98
Q

The hearing receptors are located in the […].

A

internal ear

99
Q

The ear’s three major areas and function:

A
  1. external (hearing)
  2. middle (hearing)
  3. internal (hearing and equilibrium)
100
Q

T/F: Receptors for hearing and equilibrium act independently of one another.

A

true

**respond to different stimuli

101
Q

Sound wavs are transmitted from the external environment to the middle ear by the […].

A

acoustic meatus

102
Q

The middle ear ossicles serve to […] the sound waves onto the oval window.

A

amplify

103
Q

Sound waves are transmitted directly into the inner ear by movements of the […].

A

oval window

104
Q

The tensor tympani muscle arises from the wall of the pharyngotympanic tube and inserts on the […].

A

malleus

105
Q

The […] is part of the membranous labyrinth and therefore is filled with endolymph.

A

scala media (cochlear duct)

106
Q

Hearing:

A

reception of an air sound wave converted to a fluid wave

107
Q

What do sound waves stimulate?

A

mechanosensitive cochlear hair cells

108
Q

Sounds:

A

pressure disturbance produced by a vibrating object and propagated by molecule of the medium (air)

109
Q

The […] of sound waves is interpreted as differing pitches, whereas the […] of sound waves is interpreted as loudness.

A

frequency; amplitude

110
Q

The organ of corti sends electrical information about sound to the brain. The perceived pitch of a sound is determined by […].

A

the location of the activated hair cells on the basilar membrane

111
Q

Transduction of sound stimuli occurs as a result of (3):

A
  1. bending of the hair cells, which stimulates the opening of the mechanically gated ion channels in their membrane
  2. receptor potential generation
  3. release of the neurotransmitter glutamate
112
Q

The […] provides a reference point for the direction of bending of stereocilia on hair cells.

A

tallest stereocillium

113
Q

What are the two types of deafness?

A
  1. conduction deafness

2. sensorineural deafness

114
Q

Conduction deafness:

A

blocked sound conduction to fluids of internal ear

115
Q

What are the causes of conduction deafness?

A

impacted earwax, perforated eardrum, otitis media, ostosclerosis of the ossicles

116
Q

Sensorineural deafness:

A

damage to neural structures at any point from cochlear hair cells to auditory cortical cells

117
Q

Sensorineural deafness is typically from…

A

gradual hair loss

118
Q

Cochlear implants:

A

convert sound energy into electrical signals

119
Q

Cochlear implants are drilled into […].

A

recess in temporal bone

Anatomy (31 decks)

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