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anatomy > Lab Exam Two: Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Lab Exam Two: Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of cartilages?

A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage
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2
Q

Cartilage that provides support with flexibility and resilience:

A

hyaline

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3
Q

What are the two types of hyaline cartilage? Where can they be found?

A
  1. articular– cover ends of most bones at movable joints

2. costal– connect the ribs to the sternum

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4
Q

Elastic cartilage is better for […]. Examples are the […] and the […].

A

repeated bending; external ear; epiglottis

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5
Q

Fibrocartilage: […] with […] strength (bundles of […]). Examples of fibrocartilage are the […] and […]

A

compressible; tensile; collage; menisci; intervertebral discs

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6
Q

What are the 7 functions of the bone?

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. anchorage
  4. mineral and growth factor storage
  5. blood cell formation
  6. fat storage
  7. hormone production
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7
Q

Long bone structure:

A

diaphysis (shaft) with epiphysis heads at each end, articular cartilage (hyaline) at joint surface

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8
Q

Periosteum:

A

collagen sheath that covers the bone

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9
Q

Endosteum:

A

reticular connective tissue that lines the spongy bone

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10
Q

Epiphyseal plate/line:

A

hyaline cartilage zone where bones grow in length

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11
Q

Distinguish the bone cells and their functions:

  1. Osteogenic:
  2. Osteoblast:
  3. Osteocyte:
  4. Osteoclast:
A

DESCRIPTION
B. found in large numbers

C. found in compact bone in lucuna

D. multi nucleate and ruffled border

FUNCTION
A. stem cell that typically creates all other bone cells; develops into osteoblast

B. forms bone tissue

C. maintains bone tissue

D. resorption/destruction of bone matrix

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12
Q

When there are high calcium levels within the blood, what organ is triggered?

A

thyroid

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13
Q

When the are low calcium levels within the blood, what organ is triggered?

A

parathyroid

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14
Q

Calcitonin:

A

stores Ca ions when there’s a buildup of bone by osteoblasts

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15
Q

What does the parathyroid do for calcium blood levels?

A

gets calcium ions from bones using osteoclasts

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16
Q

How many bones compose the skull?

A

22

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17
Q

Diploe:

A

name of spongy bone IN FLAT BONES ONLY

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18
Q

List the paranasal sinuses:

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

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19
Q

Where do you find the glabella?

A

frontal bone– just above the root of the nose

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20
Q

Where do you find the supraorbital mrgin?

A

frontal bone– ridge deep to the eyebrows

**some people have a supraorbital notch

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21
Q

Name the 4 sutures:

A

coronal, saggital. squamous, lambdoid

22
Q

The temporal bone is typically divided into what 4 parts?

A
  1. squamous
  2. tympanic
  3. mastoid
  4. petrous
23
Q

Temporal– What is within the squamous part?

A
  1. zygomatic process

2. mandibular fossa/depression

24
Q

Temporal– What is the tympanic part composed of?

A
  1. borders external acoustic meatus

2. opening into the ear canal

25
Q

Temporal– What is within the mastoid part?

A
  1. mastoid process
26
Q

Mastoid process: filled with small […] that communicate with the […].

A

air sinuses; middle ear

27
Q

Temporal– What is within the petrous part?

A
  1. internal acoustic meauts
  2. carotid canal
  3. jugular foramen
28
Q

Temporal– Petrous function:

A

separates the middle cranial fossa from the posterior fossa

29
Q

Internal acoustic meatus: allows passage of the […] nerve (for […] and […]) from the inner ear to the […].

A

vestibulocochlear; balance; hearing; brain

30
Q

Jugular foramen: internal jugular […] of the […], glossopharyngeal, […], and accessory nerves.

A

vein; neck; vagus

31
Q

Where is the foramen magnum? What does it contain?

A

occipital bone

  1. occipital condyle (head rests on column)
  2. hypoglossal canal (muscle of tongue)
32
Q

Superior nuchal line:

A
  1. defines superior limit of the neck

2. provides attachment to the skull for neck and back muscles

33
Q

What 3 things does the sphenoid bone contain?

A
  1. pair of sphenoid sinuses
  2. sella turcica
  3. foramen: rotundum and ovale
34
Q

Sphenoid– What is the sella turcica?

A

contains the pituitary gland

35
Q

Shenoid– The two foramen (rotundum and ovale) are passages for what?

A

two branches of the trigeminal nerve

36
Q

Ethmoid bone is an anterior […] bone located between the […].

A

cranial; eyes

37
Q

What are the 3 major portions of the ethmoid bone?

A
  1. vertical perpendicular plate
  2. horizontal cribriform plate
  3. labyrinth
38
Q

Ethmoid– What is within the cribiform plate?

A
  1. crista galli (dura mater attachment)

2. cribriform (olfactory) formina

39
Q

Ethmoid– What is the labyrinth?

A

a large mass on each side of the perpendicular plate

40
Q

What foramen is found within the maxillae? What does it provide?

A

infraorbital foramen

provides blood vessel and nerve (nose and cheek)

41
Q

Where can the palate be found? What is its function?

A

maxillae

forms the roof of the mouth AND floor of the nasal cavity (separation)

** hard palate anteriorly and soft plate posteriorly

42
Q

Zygomatic arch contains:

A

union of zygomatic, temporal, and maxilla bones

43
Q

Strongest bone in the skull:

A

mandible

44
Q

How many bones in each region of the vertebral column?

A 
cervical = 7
thoracic = 12
lumbar = 5
sacrum = 5 fused
coccyx = 4 fused
45
Q

When two vertebrae are joined, they exhibit an opening between their pedicles called […]. These are […] that connect with the spinal cord.

A

intervertebral foramen; spinal nerves

46
Q

The atlas […] the head while the axis […] the head.

A

supports; allows rotation

47
Q

Cervical vertebrae contain a prominent anterior knob called:

A

dens

48
Q

The hyoid bone is a […] shaped bone that lies above the […] cartilage. It is anchored by […] only.

A

U; thyroid; ligaments

49
Q

What bones fused to create the sternum?

A
  1. manubrium
  2. body
  3. xiphoid process
50
Q

How many ribs in total? Which are true, false, and floating?

A

12 pairs in total

1-7 are true
8-12 are false with last two being floating ribs

anatomy (31 decks)

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