Lab Exam Two: Axial Skeleton

Question 1

What are the three types of cartilages?

Answer 1

1. hyaline
2. elastic
3. fibrocartilage

Question 2

Cartilage that provides support with flexibility and resilience:

Answer 2

hyaline

Question 3

What are the two types of hyaline cartilage? Where can they be found?

Answer 3

1. articular– cover ends of most bones at movable joints

2. costal– connect the ribs to the sternum

Question 4

Elastic cartilage is better for […]. Examples are the […] and the […].

Answer 4

repeated bending; external ear; epiglottis

Question 5

Fibrocartilage: […] with […] strength (bundles of […]). Examples of fibrocartilage are the […] and […]

Answer 5

compressible; tensile; collage; menisci; intervertebral discs

Question 6

What are the 7 functions of the bone?

Answer 6

1. support
2. protection
3. anchorage
4. mineral and growth factor storage
5. blood cell formation
6. fat storage
7. hormone production

Question 7

Long bone structure:

Answer 7

diaphysis (shaft) with epiphysis heads at each end, articular cartilage (hyaline) at joint surface

Question 8

Periosteum:

Answer 8

collagen sheath that covers the bone

Question 9

Endosteum:

Answer 9

reticular connective tissue that lines the spongy bone

Question 10

Epiphyseal plate/line:

Answer 10

hyaline cartilage zone where bones grow in length

Question 11

Distinguish the bone cells and their functions:

1. Osteogenic:
2. Osteoblast:
3. Osteocyte:
4. Osteoclast:

Answer 11

DESCRIPTION
B. found in large numbers

C. found in compact bone in lucuna

D. multi nucleate and ruffled border

FUNCTION
A. stem cell that typically creates all other bone cells; develops into osteoblast

B. forms bone tissue

C. maintains bone tissue

D. resorption/destruction of bone matrix

Question 12

When there are high calcium levels within the blood, what organ is triggered?

Answer 12

thyroid

Question 13

When the are low calcium levels within the blood, what organ is triggered?

Answer 13

parathyroid

Question 14

Calcitonin:

Answer 14

stores Ca ions when there’s a buildup of bone by osteoblasts

Question 15

What does the parathyroid do for calcium blood levels?

Answer 15

gets calcium ions from bones using osteoclasts

Question 16

How many bones compose the skull?

Answer 16

22

Question 17

Diploe:

Answer 17

name of spongy bone IN FLAT BONES ONLY

Question 18

List the paranasal sinuses:

Answer 18

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

Question 19

Where do you find the glabella?

Answer 19

frontal bone– just above the root of the nose

Question 20

Where do you find the supraorbital mrgin?

Answer 20

frontal bone– ridge deep to the eyebrows

**some people have a supraorbital notch

Question 21

Name the 4 sutures:

Answer 21

coronal, saggital. squamous, lambdoid

Question 22

The temporal bone is typically divided into what 4 parts?

Answer 22

1. squamous
2. tympanic
3. mastoid
4. petrous

Question 23

Temporal– What is within the squamous part?

Answer 23

1. zygomatic process

2. mandibular fossa/depression

Question 24

Temporal– What is the tympanic part composed of?

Answer 24

1. borders external acoustic meatus

2. opening into the ear canal

Question 25

Temporal-- What is within the mastoid part?

Answer 25

1. mastoid process

Question 26

Mastoid process: filled with small [...] that communicate with the [...].

Answer 26

air sinuses; middle ear

Question 27

Temporal-- What is within the petrous part?

Answer 27

1. internal acoustic meauts 2. carotid canal 3. jugular foramen

Question 28

Temporal-- Petrous function:

Answer 28

separates the middle cranial fossa from the posterior fossa

Question 29

Internal acoustic meatus: allows passage of the [...] nerve (for [...] and [...]) from the inner ear to the [...].

Answer 29

vestibulocochlear; balance; hearing; brain

Question 30

Jugular foramen: internal jugular [...] of the [...], glossopharyngeal, [...], and accessory nerves.

Answer 30

vein; neck; vagus

Question 31

Where is the foramen magnum? What does it contain?

Answer 31

occipital bone 1. occipital condyle (head rests on column) 2. hypoglossal canal (muscle of tongue)

Question 32

Superior nuchal line:

Answer 32

1. defines superior limit of the neck | 2. provides attachment to the skull for neck and back muscles

Question 33

What 3 things does the sphenoid bone contain?

Answer 33

1. pair of sphenoid sinuses 2. sella turcica 3. foramen: rotundum and ovale

Question 34

Sphenoid-- What is the sella turcica?

Answer 34

contains the pituitary gland

Question 35

Shenoid-- The two foramen (rotundum and ovale) are passages for what?

Answer 35

two branches of the trigeminal nerve

Question 36

Ethmoid bone is an anterior [...] bone located between the [...].

Answer 36

cranial; eyes

Question 37

What are the 3 major portions of the ethmoid bone?

Answer 37

1. vertical perpendicular plate 2. horizontal cribriform plate 3. labyrinth

Question 38

Ethmoid-- What is within the cribiform plate?

Answer 38

1. crista galli (dura mater attachment) | 2. cribriform (olfactory) formina

Question 39

Ethmoid-- What is the labyrinth?

Answer 39

a large mass on each side of the perpendicular plate

Question 40

What foramen is found within the maxillae? What does it provide?

Answer 40

infraorbital foramen provides blood vessel and nerve (nose and cheek)

Question 41

Where can the palate be found? What is its function?

Answer 41

maxillae forms the roof of the mouth AND floor of the nasal cavity (separation) ** hard palate anteriorly and soft plate posteriorly

Question 42

Zygomatic arch contains:

Answer 42

union of zygomatic, temporal, and maxilla bones

Question 43

Strongest bone in the skull:

Answer 43

mandible

Question 44

How many bones in each region of the vertebral column?

Answer 44

``` cervical = 7 thoracic = 12 lumbar = 5 sacrum = 5 fused coccyx = 4 fused ```

Question 45

When two vertebrae are joined, they exhibit an opening between their pedicles called [...]. These are [...] that connect with the spinal cord.

Answer 45

intervertebral foramen; spinal nerves

Question 46

The atlas [...] the head while the axis [...] the head.

Answer 46

supports; allows rotation

Question 47

Cervical vertebrae contain a prominent anterior knob called:

Answer 47

dens

Question 48

The hyoid bone is a [...] shaped bone that lies above the [...] cartilage. It is anchored by [...] only.

Answer 48

U; thyroid; ligaments

Question 49

What bones fused to create the sternum?

Answer 49

1. manubrium 2. body 3. xiphoid process

Question 50

How many ribs in total? Which are true, false, and floating?

Answer 50

12 pairs in total 1-7 are true 8-12 are false with last two being floating ribs