Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > BS: The Gross Structure > Flashcards

BS: The Gross Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Bone structure has three levels:

A
  1. gross
  2. microscopic
  3. chemical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dense outside layer […] surrounds the inside […].

A

compact; spongy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Internal to the spongy bone (also known as trabecular bone) lies…

A

trabeculae– honeycomb of small flat pieces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is in between trabeculae?

A

red or yellow marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

For flat bones […] bone sandwiches […].

A

spongy; compact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which bones share a simple pattern?

A
  1. short
  2. irregular
  3. flat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 parts of the simple pattern short/irregular/flat bones?

  • sif bones
A

compact bone covers spongy

spongy contains bone marrow between trabeculae but no defined cavity

bone is covered in and out by connective tissue membranes

joints covered by hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thin plates of spongy bone also known as…

A

diploe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The connective tissue membranes of sif bones?

A

periosteum (outside) and endosteum (inside)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

LB: What is the general structure of long bones?

A

a shaft, bone ends, and membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

LB: A tubular […], also known as the shaft, forms the long […] of the bone.

A

diaphysis; axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

LB: The thick collar of […] bone surrounds a central […] cavity or […] cavity.

A

compact; medullary; marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

LB: What are the bone ends?

A

epiphyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

LB: What forms the epiphyses?

A

compact bone extension (exterior)

spongy bone (interior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

LB: What covers the surface of the epiphyses?

A

thin layer of articular/hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

LB: What is the purpose of the articular/hyaline covering?

A

cushioning during movement and absorbing stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

LB: Between the diaphysis and each epiphysis is an […] line.

A

epiphyseal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

LB: The epiphyseal plate is located…

A

at the junction of the epiphyseal and diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

LB: The epiphyseal plate ([…] plate), is a disc of […] cartilage that grows during childhood.

A

growth; hyaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

LB: The flared middle portion of the bone where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet

A

metaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

LB: Periosteum covers the […] surface EXCEPT the […] surfaces.

A

external; joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

LB: The periosteum/endosteum has two layers:

A

fibrous (outer)

osteogenic (inner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

LB: The fibrous outer layer of the periosteum is […] connective tissue.

A

dense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

LB: The inner periosteum layer contains what type of cells?

A

osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenic)
osteoclasts
osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

LB: What are the osteoprogenitor cells?

A

primitive stem cells give rise to most bone cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

LB: Why are broken bones so painful?

A

The periosteum is richly supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

LB: The periosteum also provides […] points for tendons/ligaments.

A

anchoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

LB: What are perforating fibers? Where can you find them?

A

bundles of collagen fibers that secure the layer to the bone by extending to the matrix

in the periosteum layer

perforating: pierce/make holes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

LB: The endosteum covers […] bone surface both spongy and compact.

A

internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

LB: What cells are within the endosteum?

A

the same as the periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the main vessels serving the diaphysis?

A

nutrient artery and nutrient vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where do the blood vessels and nerves run through?

A

nutrient foramen– an opening in the diaphysis wall

33
Q

Pathway of blood and nerve vessels:

A

diaphysis—nutrient foramen—bone marrow/spongy bone—branches to compact

34
Q

Red marrow also known as…

A

hematopoietic (blood forming tissue)

35
Q

Where do children house red marrow?

A

the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and all areas of spongy bone

36
Q

Where do adults house red marrow?

A

small amount in between trabeculae

37
Q

Why is there little red marrow within the long bones of an adult?

A

most of it has been replaced by yellow marrow

38
Q

In which bones can you find red marrow?

A

LB: femur and humerus
FB: skull, sternum, ribs, clavicles, scapulae
IB: hip bones and vertebrae

39
Q

How can an adult revert to red marrow?

A

if they become anemic

40
Q

Bone marking can fit into 3 categories:

A
  1. projections
  2. surfaces
  3. depressions/opening
41
Q

Projections:

A

site of muscle and ligament attachment

42
Q

Surfaces:

A

form joints

43
Q

Depressions/openings:

A

for blood/nerve vessels

44
Q

What are the 5 major cell types:

A
  1. osteoprogenitor
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteoclasts
  4. bone lining cells
  5. osteocytes
45
Q

All of these except for the […] originate from embryonic connective tissue cells.

A

osteoclasts

46
Q

What is the process remodeling?

A

cells continuously resorb and deposit

47
Q

In growing bones, […] cells are flattened or squamous.

A

osteogenic

48
Q

When osteogenic cells are stimulated, some of these cells turn to […].

A

osteoblasts

49
Q

Osteoblasts secretions includes:

A
  1. collagen (90%)

2. calcium-binding proteins

50
Q

What do calcium-binding proteins create?

A

the initial, un-mineralized bone (osteoid)

51
Q

Matrix calcification is done by […] cells.

A

osteoblasts

52
Q

Osteocytes occupy what spaces?

A

lacunae

53
Q

What are the 3 function of osteocytes?

A

maintain and monitor bone matrix

respond to mechanical stimuli

trigger bone remodeling

54
Q

Osteocyte trigger bone remodeling due to mechanical […] or to maintain […] homeostasis.

A

stress; calcium

55
Q

Where can you find bone lining cells?

A

on surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on

56
Q

What is the purpose of bone lining cells?

A

maintain the matrix

57
Q

Osteoclasts are giant […] cells located at sites of bone […].

A

multinucleate; resorption

58
Q

Where are osteoclasts derived from?

A

WBC lineage that creates macrophages

59
Q

Osteoclasts lie in a shallow […].

A

depression

60
Q

Osteoclasts have a distinct […] border that […] contacts the bone.

A

ruffled; directly

61
Q

What is the purpose of the osteoclasts ruffled border?

A

plasma membrane infoldings increase surface area for enzymatically degrading bones

62
Q

The structural unit of compact bone is […] which is parallel to the long […] of the bone.

A

osteon; axis

63
Q

What is the function of osteons?

A

tiny weight-bearing pillars

64
Q

What is the matrix tube of osteons called?

A

lamella

65
Q

Osteon’s design as a “twister resister” is due to what?

A

collagen fibers running in different directions to withstand torsional stresses

66
Q

How can collagen fibers within lamella alternate their direction?

A

tiny crystals of bone lamellae

67
Q

What is in the core of each osteon?

A

central canal (Haversian canal)

68
Q

What does the core of each osteon contain?

A

small blood vessels and nerve fibers (serve the cells)

69
Q

Osteon canals of a second type called […] canals or Volkmann’s canals.

A

perforating

70
Q

Perforating canals lie at […] angles to the long axis of the bone. They connect […] and […] supply of the […] cavity to central canals.

A

right; blood vessels; nerve fibers; medullary

71
Q

Perforating canals are not surrounded by […].

A

lamellae

72
Q

Osteocytes occupy […] at the junctions of lamellae.

A

lacunae

73
Q

Hairlike canals called […] radiate from the […] connecting them to each other and to the central canal/

A

canaliculi; lucanae

74
Q

Osteon = […]

A

Haversian System

75
Q

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

A

osteon

76
Q

Lamellae:

A

compact bone matrix consisting of a cylinder with many rings

77
Q

What contributes to the hardness of bone?

A

hydroxyapatite– makes 65% of the mass

78
Q

What are the inorganic components of the bone matrix?

A

hydroxyapatite

Anatomy (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions