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Anatomy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two distinct layers of your skin?

A
  1. epidermis

2. dermis

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2
Q

What is the epidermis? What is it composed of?

A

the outermost protective shield; composed of epithelial cells

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3
Q

What is the dermis? What is it composed of?

A

tough, leathery layer, making up the bulk of the skin; dense connective tissue

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4
Q

Only the […] is vascularized. Nutrients reach the […] layer via diffusion.

A

dermis; epidermis

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5
Q

Subcutaneous tissue:

A

tissue just deep to the skin

consists of adipose plus some areolar connective tissue

also called hypodermis or superficial fascia

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6
Q

What are the functions of the subcutaneous tissue(4)?

A
  1. storing fat
  2. anchors tissue to the underlying structures (mostly muscles)
  • it is loose enough to allow skin to slide
  1. shock absorber
  2. insulator (reduces heat loss)
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7
Q

What is the importance of the skin being able to slide?

A

protects the body by ensuring everyday bumps often glance off our bodies

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8
Q

How many cell types, how many cell layers consist of the epidermis?

A

four distinct cell types; four or five distinct layers

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9
Q

What are the four cells that populate the epidermis?

A
  1. keratinocytes (majority)
  2. melanocytes
  3. dendritic cells
  4. tactile epithelial cells
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10
Q

Keratinocytes produce […]. A fibrous […] that helps give the epidermis […]

A

keratin; protein; protective properties

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11
Q

How are keratinocytes put together?

A

tied together by desmosomes (strength), and in some layers tight junctions (hinder water movement)

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12
Q

The deepest part of the epidermis form keratinocytes, the […].

A

stratum basale

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13
Q

What induces the stratum basale to go through continuous replication?

A

an epidermal growth factor– a peptide produced by various cells

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14
Q

What is the condition of the keratinocytes at the top?

A

the cells are already dead, flat sacs filled with keratin

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15
Q

What is the rate of newly formed epidermis?

A

every 25 to 45 days

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16
Q

When the skin experiences friction […] and […] are accelerated.

A

cell production; keratin formation

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17
Q

Persistent friction causes…

A

thickening of the epidermis called a callus

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18
Q

Melanocytes description:

A

spider-shaped epithelial cells

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19
Q

Melanocyte synthesize […] which are found on the […] layer of the epidermis.

A

melanin; deepest

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20
Q

How is melanin synthesized? Where does it go after production?

A

melanin is made in membrane-bound granules called melanosomes

transferred through cell processes “spider legs” to nearby keratinocytes

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21
Q

[…] contain more melanin than do melanocytes

A

basal keratinocytes

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22
Q

What is the location and purpose of the melanin clusters within keratinocytes?

A

“sunny side” of keratinocytes

pigment shield protects the nucleus from the damaging effects of UV radiation in the sunlight

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23
Q

Dendritic cells arise from […] and migrate to the […] .

A

bone marrow; epidermis

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24
Q

Dendritic cells are also called […].

A

Langer cells

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25
Q

Where can you find tactile epithelial cells?

A

at the epidermal-dermal junction

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26
Q

Each tactile epithelial cell is intimately associated with a disc-like […] , the combination functions as a […] to touch.

A

sensory nerve ending; sensory receptor

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27
Q

Thick skin epidermis consists of… (list)

A

five layers/strata

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum, granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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28
Q

What layer is absent in the thin skin?

A

stratum lucidum

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29
Q

Where can you find thick skin?

A

areas subject to abrasion– palms, fingertips, soles of the feet

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30
Q

The stratum basale, the […] layer, is also called the […] layer

A

deepest epidermal; germinating

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31
Q

What happens to the daughter cells that divide at the basal layer?

A

one daughter is pushed to the next layer to begin specialization into a mature keratinocyte

one daughter cell remains in the basal layer to continue the process of producing

32
Q

The stratum spinosum is microscopically prickly because…

A

during tissue preparation there is a shrinkage of the cell, filaments hold tightly at their many desmosomes

33
Q

The stratum spinosum layer contains thick bundles of […] which consists of […]-resisting protein […].

A

intermediate filaments; pre-keratin

34
Q

Intermediate filaments […] in the cell and are anchored to the […].

A

resist tension; desmosomes

35
Q

What process occurs in the stratum granulosum layer?

A

keratinization: cells fill with keratin

36
Q

What happens to the cell shape during keratinization?

A

cells flatten, nuclei and organelles begin to disintegrate

37
Q

The granular layer accumulates what 2 granules?

A
  1. keratohyalin granules

2. lamellar granules

38
Q

[…] help to form keratin in the upper layers.

A

keratohyalin granules

39
Q

[…] contain a water resistant […] that is secreted into the extracellular space.

A

lamellar granules; glycolipids

40
Q

What plays a major part in slowing water loss across the epidermis?

A

glycolipid and tight junctions

41
Q

[…] within the keratinocytes and […] deposited outside make these cells tough and water resistant.

A

protein; lipids

42
Q

What happens to the layers above the stratum granulosum? Why?

A

the cells die

  1. the epidermal cells are too far away from the connective tissue
  2. glycolipids cut them off from from nutrients
43
Q

Stratum lucidum is also known as the…

A

clear layer

44
Q

The clear layer consists of…

A

a few rows of dead keratinocytes, identical to those in the layer above

45
Q

The outermost layer is known as […] or the […] layer and accounts for […] of the epidermal thickness.

A

stratum corneum; horny layer; 3/4

46
Q

Keratin consists of the […] filaments embedded in a glue from the […] granules.

A

pre-keratin intermediate; keratohyalin

47
Q

What two things accumulate within the cells of the horny layer to protection from abrasion and penetration?

A
  1. proteins

2. keratin

48
Q

What helps keep the outermost layer water resistant?

A

glycolipids between its cells

49
Q

The dermis is made up of […], […] connective tissue.

A

strong; flexible

50
Q

What cells make up the dermis layer?

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells

*what you would find in connective tissue proper

51
Q

What two layers does the dermis have?

A
  1. papillary

2. reticular

52
Q

T/F: The two layers of the dermis lie next to each other.

A

true

53
Q

Thin, superficial papillary dermis is […] tissue.

A

areolar connective

54
Q

How is the papillary dermis structured:

A

the connective tissue loosely interlaces collagen and elastic fibers with many small blood vessels

55
Q

What is the benefit of the papillary dermis being loose?

A

allows phagocytes and other defensive cells to wander freely and patrol for bacteria

56
Q

What are the indentions on the epidermis from?

A

dermal papillae

57
Q

Dermal papillae contain…

A

capillary loops and free nerve endings (pain receptors) and tactile corpuscles (touch receptors)

58
Q

Tactile corpuscles also known as […].

A

Meisnner’s corpuscles

59
Q

On thick skin (palms/soles) papillae lie atop larger mounds called […], which in turn cause the overlying epidermis to form […].

A

dermal ridges; epidermal ridges

60
Q

What are the skin ridges known as? What is their purpose?

A

friction ridges

enhance the ability to grip certain surfaces and contribute to sense of touch

61
Q

How to friction ridges aid our sense of touch?

A

enhance vibrations detected by the large lamellar corpuscles (receptors) in the dermis

62
Q

Friction ridge patterns have […] along their crests which leave unique […].

A

sweat pores; fingerprints

63
Q

What kind of connective tissue lies in the reticular dermis?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

64
Q

How is the reticular dermis nourished?

A

underlying network of blood vessels that sits between the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue–known as the dermal vascular plexus

65
Q

The extracellular matrix of the reticular dermis contains thick bundles of interlacing […].

A

collagen fibers

66
Q

T/F: The reticular dermis implies the abundance of reticular fibers.

A

False; it refers to the network of collagen fibers (reticulum = network)

67
Q

Most collagen within the reticular dermis run […] to the skin surface.

A

parallel

68
Q

What is formed between the bundles where there is separations (less dense region)?

A

cleavage tension lines in the skin

69
Q

Cleavage lines run […] in the skin of the limbs and in […] around the neck and trunk.

A

longitudinally; circular patterns

70
Q

Why are cleavage lines important?

A

Surgery incisions are made parallel to these lines, allowing the skin to gape less and heal more readily.

71
Q

Collagen fibers of the dermis give skin […] and […] that prevent minor jabs and scrapes from penetrating the dermis.

A

strength; resiliency

72
Q

Elastic fibers provide the […] and […] properties.

A

stretch; recoil

73
Q

What are the dermal folds that occur at or near joints?

A

flexure lines

74
Q

Why do flexure lines appear?

A

the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures to accommodate joint movement

75
Q

Dendritic cells are […] cells that engulf […], migrate to […], and present the […] to T cells, causing them to activate and mount an […] response.

A

protective; antigens; lymph nodes; antigens; immune

Anatomy (31 decks)

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