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Anatomy > Lab Exam Three: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Lab Exam Three: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord:

A

a cylinder of nervous tissue

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2
Q

What is the extension of the spinal cord?

A

arises from the brainstem at the foramen magnum of the skull

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3
Q

The spinal passes through the […] as far as the inferior margin of the first […] (L1).

A

vertebral canal; lumbar vertebra

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4
Q

How many total spinal nerves from the spinal cord? How many within each section of the spine?

A

31

cervical = 8
thoracic = 12
lumbar = 5
sacrum = 5
coccygeal = 1
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5
Q

Where do most of these spinal nerve pair pass through?

A

intervertebral foramina

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6
Q

The cord exhibits […] on its anterior and posterior sides- the anterior […] and posterior […].

A

longitudinal grooves; median fissure; median sulcus

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7
Q

T/F: Does the spinal cord divide into the regions of the intevertebrae?

A

true

well minus the coccyx

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8
Q

In what two areas is the cord thicker?

A
  1. cervical enlargement

2. lumbar enlargement

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9
Q

Cervical enlargement gives rise to the nerves of the […] while the lumbar enlargement issues nerves to the […].

A

upper limbs; pelvic region and lower limbs

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10
Q

Medullary cone is also known as the …

A

conus medullaris

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11
Q

Medullary cone:

A

bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

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12
Q

Cauda equina:

A

innervates the pelvic organ and lower limbs

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13
Q

The spinal cord and brain are enclosed in […] called […].

A

three fibrous connective tissue; meninges

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14
Q

Meninges separate the […] of the CNS from the bones of the […] and […].

A

soft tissue; vertebrae; skull

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15
Q

From superficial to deep list the meninges of the spinal cord:

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
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16
Q

Dura mater:

A

tough collagenous membrane, forms dura sheath

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17
Q

Space between the sheath and vertebral bones is called…

A

epidural space

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18
Q

Epidural space is occupied by what?

A
  1. adipose tissue
  2. blood vessels
  3. loose connective tissue
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19
Q

Arachnoid mater:

A

simple squamous epithelium (arachnoid membrane)

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20
Q

The gap between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater is called…

A

subarachnoid space

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21
Q

Subarachnoid space is filled with …

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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22
Q

Pia mater:

A

transparent membrane that closely follows the contours of the spinal cord

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23
Q

Beyond the medullary cone there is […] within the […].

A

terminal filum; lumbar cistern

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24
Q

At S2, the pia mater fuses with the […] mater to form a […].

A

dura; coccygeal ligament

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25
Q

Extensions of the pia called […] extend through the […] to the […], anchoring the cord.

A

denticulate ligaments; arachnoid; dura

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26
Q

The spinal cord consists of two kinds of nervous tissue:

A
  1. gray matter

2. white matter

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27
Q

Gray matter contains little […]. also […], dendrites, and […] of the axons of neurons.

A

myelin; somas; somas; proximal parts

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28
Q

Gray matter is the sight of …

A

synaptic contact between neurons also known as neural integration

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29
Q

White matter is abundant in…

A

myelin

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30
Q

White matter is composed of bundles of axons called […], that […] from one part of the CNS to another.

A

tracts; carry signals

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31
Q

What do both gray and white matter also have an abundance of?

A

glial cells

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32
Q

The central core shape of gray matter resembles what?

A

butterfly/H-shape at cross section

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33
Q

The gray matter core consists of what two surfaces?

A
  1. posterolateral surfaces of two thick posterior dorsal horns
  2. anterolateral surfaces with two thicker anterior ventral horns
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34
Q

The right and left sides of gray matter are connected by […].

A

gray commisure

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35
Q

In the middle of the gray matter’s commissure is the […], lined with […], and filled with […].

A

central canal; ependymal cells; CSF

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36
Q

Gray matter– Spinal nerve branches into a […] and […].

A

posterior dorsal root; anterior ventral root

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37
Q

Gray matter– The posterior root carries what type of fibers?

A

sensory nerve fibers

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38
Q

Gray matter– The anterior horn contains what?

A

large somas of the somatic motor neurons

39
Q

White matter of the spinal cord […] gray matter.

A

surrounds

40
Q

White matter consists of […] that course up and down the cord and provide avenues of […] between different levels of the […].

A

bundles of axons; communication; CNS

41
Q

How are the bundles of axons arranged within white matter?

A

three pairs called columns or funiculi

42
Q

List the three columns within the white matter?

A
  1. posterior dorsal column
  2. lateral column
  3. anterior ventral column
43
Q

White matter– Each column consists of subdivisions called […] or […].

A

tracts; fasciculi

44
Q

Ascending spinal tracts carry …

A

sensory information up the cord

45
Q

Descending spinal tracts ….

A

conduct motor impulses down the cord

46
Q

Spinal tracts can undergo […].

A

decussation

47
Q

Decussation:

A

spinal tracts cross over from the left side of the body to the right (vice versa)

48
Q

The left side of the brain receives sensory information from the […]. From the right side of the brain […] and […] the […] side.

A

right; senses; controls; left

49
Q

Contrallateral:

A

origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body

50
Q

Ipsilateral:

A

when a tract does not decussate, its origin and destination are on the same side of the body

51
Q

Nerve:

A

cordlike organ composed of numerous never fibers (axons) bound together by connective tissue

52
Q

Each nerve fiber is surrounded by a […] and then a thin sleeve of […] tissue call the […].

A

basal lamina; loose connective; endoneurium

53
Q

Nerve fibers are gathered in bundles called […], each wrapped in a sheath called the […].

A

fascicles; perineurium

54
Q

Several nerve fiber bundles (fascicles) are then bundled together and wrapped in an outer […].

A

epineurium

55
Q

Sensory (afferent) fibers carrying signals…

A

from sensory receptors to the CNS

56
Q

Motor (efferent) fibers carrying signals…

A

from the CNS to muscles and glands

57
Q

T/F Most nerves are either sensory or motor.

A

False

most nerves are mixed conducting signals in two directions

58
Q

What does a nerve resemble? a ganglion?

A

thread

a knot in the thread

59
Q

Ganglion:

A

cluster of neurosomas outside the CNS

60
Q

Where does a nerve exit through?

A

intervertebral foramen

61
Q

Chickenpox is also known as…

A

varicella

62
Q

Chickenpox:

A

common disease of early childhood is caused by varicella-zoster virus

**leads to itchy rash

63
Q

The virus remains […] in the […].

A

for life; posterior root ganglia

64
Q

Chickenpox– If the immune system is compromised, the virus can cause.

A

shingles

65
Q

How does chickenpox cause singles?

A

virus can travel along the sensory nerve fibers by fast axonal transport

66
Q

Shingles:

A

painful trail of skin discoloration and fluid-filled vesicles along the path of the nerve

67
Q

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN):

A

chronic intense pain in the site of the lesions lasting for months or even years

68
Q

Vaccine for shingles:

A

varicella for children

zostavax for adults (60+)

69
Q

Treatment for shingles:

A
  1. aspirin and steroidal ointments (pain relief)
  2. acyclovir (antiviral drug) can shorten the course of an episode of shingles, but only if taken within the first 2-3 days of outbreak
70
Q

Are kids supposed to take asprin?

A

NO!

can cause Reye Syndrome

71
Q

Reye syndrome:

A

swelling of the brain and hepatitis in liver

72
Q

T/F: All spinal nerves receive from dermatome.

A

false

the C1 is the only exception

73
Q

Dermatone:

A

specific area of skin that sends a signal to spinal nerves

74
Q

List of signal transmission:

A

nerve plexus –> trunks –> anterior and posterior divisions –> cords

75
Q

List of plexuses:

A
  1. cervical from neck
  2. brachial near shoulder
  3. lumbar plexus of the lower back
  4. sacral plexus
  5. coccygeal plexus
76
Q

Somatosensory signals are for …

A
  1. touch
  2. heat
  3. cold
  4. stretch
  5. pressure
  6. pain
    and others
77
Q

Proprioception:

A

body position and movements to maintain equilibrium

78
Q

The motor function of these nerve plexuses is…

A

to stimulate the contraction of skeletal muscles

79
Q

Cervical plexus receive fibers from the […].

A

anterior rami of nerves of nerves C1-C5

80
Q

Cervical plexus gives rise to:

A
  1. lesser occipital
  2. greater auricular
  3. transverse cervical
  4. ansa cervicalis
  5. supraclavicular
  6. phrenic
81
Q

Phrenic nerve:

A

cervical plexus that innervates the diaphragm (essential role in breathin)

82
Q

Brachial plexus is formed predominantly by the […].

A

anterior rami of nerves C5 to T1

83
Q

Brachial plexus passes over the first rib into the [..] and innervates the […] and some […] of the […] and […].

A

axilla; upper limb; muscles; neck; shoulder

84
Q

The subdivisions of the brachial plexus are called…

A
  1. roots
  2. trunks
  3. divisions
  4. cords
85
Q

Name the brachial plexus nerves.

A
  1. musculocutaneous nerve
  2. axillary nerve
  3. radial nerve
  4. median nerve
  5. ulnar nerve
86
Q

Lumbar plexus is formed from the […].

A

anterior rami of nerves L1 to L4 and some fibers from T12

87
Q

Lumbar plexus gives rise to the following nerves:

A
  1. iliohypogastric nerve
  2. ilioinguinal nerve
  3. genitofemoral nerve
  4. lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
  5. femoral nerve
  6. obturator nerve
88
Q

The sacral plexus is formed from the […}.

A

anterior rami of nerves L4, L5, and S1-S4

89
Q

How is the sacral plexus connected to the lumbar plexus?

A

lumbosacral plexus: fibers that run through the lumbosacral trunk

90
Q

Sciatic nerve:

A

tibial and common fibular nerves travel together through a connective tissue sheath

91
Q

At the […], the tibial and common fibular nerves diverge.

A

popliteal fossa`

92
Q

Tibial nerve […] through the leg to the medial and […] nerves in the […].

A

descends; plantar; foot

93
Q

Common fibular nerve […] into […] and […] fibular nerves.

A

divides; deep; superficial

94
Q

Coccygeal plexus is formed from the […].

A

anterior rami of S4 and S5

Anatomy (31 decks)

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