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Anatomy > Lab Exam Three: Histology of Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Lab Exam Three: Histology of Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

brains and spinal cord enclosed and protected by the cranium and veterbrae column

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2
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

nerves and ganglia

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3
Q

What is a nerve?

A

a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

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4
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

knotlike swelling in a nerve, where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated

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5
Q

List the general coordination steps within the nervous system:

A
  1. Receiving
  2. Processing
  3. Issuing commands
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6
Q

The CNS processes information received, […] with past […] and determines what […], if any,, is appropriate.

A

relates it; experiences; response

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7
Q

The CNS issues commands primarily to […] and […] cells to carry out such responses.

A

muscle; glands

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8
Q

The sensory […] division carries signals from […] to the […].

A

afferent; receptors: brain

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9
Q

What two divisions are found within the afferent division?

A
  1. somatic sensory

2. visceral division

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10
Q

The somatic sensory division carries the signal…

A

from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones and joints

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11
Q

The visceral sensory division carries the signal…

A

mainly from the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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12
Q

The motor […] division carries signals from the […] to […] and […] cells […] that carry out the body’s responses.

A

efferent; CNS; gland; muscles; effectors

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13
Q

The somatic motor division carries signals to the…

A

skeletal muscles

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14
Q

What are the two responses delivered by the somatic nervous system? Are they involuntary or voluntary?

A
  1. muscle contraction (voluntary control)

2. somatic reflexes (involuntary control)

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15
Q

The visceral motor division is also known as the….

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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16
Q

What three places does the ANS carry signals to?

A
  1. glands
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. smooth muscle
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17
Q

The visceral motor division responses are known as […] these are […] done.

A

visceral reflexes; unconsiously

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18
Q

What are the two subdivisions found in the ANS (visceral)?

A
  1. sympathetic division

2. parasympathetic division

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19
Q

Sympathetic division tends to…

A

arouse the body for action

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20
Q

Parasympathetic division tends to…

A

have a calming effect

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21
Q

Neurosoma:

A

cell body of neuron that contains nucleus and organelles

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22
Q

Dendrites:

A

branched processes that receive signals from other cells

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23
Q

Neuroglia:

A

protect and assist the neurons

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24
Q

Structure– On one side of the soma is a mound called the […], from which the […] originates

A

axon hillock; axon (nerve fiber)

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25
Q

What encloses the axon?

A
  1. Schwann cells

2. myelin sheath

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26
Q

Structure– What is a terminal arborization? Where can this be found?

A

extensive complex of fine branches

found at the distal end of an axon

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27
Q

Structure– Each branch ends in a […] (terminal button), a little swelling that contains synaptic […] full of […] , the swelling also forms a […] with the next cell.

A

synaptic knob; vesicles; neurotransmitters; junction

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28
Q

What are the types of neurons?

A
  1. multipolar
  2. bipolar
  3. unipolar
  4. anaxonic
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29
Q

Have one axon and multiple dendrites:

A

multipolar neurons

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30
Q

Which type of neuron is the most common?

A

multipolar

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31
Q

Which type of neuron includes most neurons of the brain and spinal cord?

A

multipolar

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32
Q

Have one axon and one dendrite?

A

bipolar

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33
Q

What are some examples of bipolar neurons?

A

olfactory cells of the nasal cavity, certain neurons of the retina, and sensory neurons of the inner ear

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34
Q

Have only a single process leading away from the soma?

A

unipolar

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35
Q

An example of unipolar neurons:

A

neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord

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36
Q

Have multiple dendrites but no axon?

A

anaxonic

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37
Q

Where can you find anaxonic neurons?

A

brain, retina, adrenal medulla

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38
Q

Which type of neurons communicate through their dendrites but do not produce action potentials?

A

axaonic

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39
Q

Glial cells […] together and provide a […] for the nervous tissue.

A

bind neurons; supportive framework

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40
Q

Whenever a […] is not in synaptic contact with another cell, it is […].

A

mature neuron; covered with glial cells

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41
Q

What is the purpose of covering mature neurons with glial cells?

A

prevents neurons from contacting each other except at points specialized for signal transmission

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42
Q

What are the the types of neuroglia?

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. ependymal cells
  3. microglia
  4. astrocytes
  5. Schwann cells
  6. satellite cells
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43
Q

Which neuroglia are only part of the CNS?

A

4:

  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. ependymal cells
  3. microglia
  4. astrocytes
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44
Q

Oligodendrocytes:

A

(octopus) insulates the nerve fiber from the extracellular fluid (myelin sheath)

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45
Q

Ependymal cells:

A

resemble a cuboidal epithelium lining the internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord

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46
Q

Microglia:

A

small macrophages that develop from WBC called monocytes

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47
Q

Astrocytes:

A

(starlike) are the most abundant and constitute over 90% of the tissue in some areas of the brain

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48
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  1. they form supportive framework (blood-brain barrier)

2. scar tissue and fill space formerly occupied by damaged neurons astrocytosis/sclerosis

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49
Q

What are the types of neuroglia of the PNS?

A
  1. Schwann cells (neurilemmocytes)

2. satellite cells

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50
Q

Schwann cells function:

A
  1. produce myelin sheath

2. assist in the regeneration of damaged fibers

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51
Q

Satellite function:

A
  1. provide electrical insulation around the soma

2. regulate the chemical environment of the neurons

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52
Q

Satellite cells:

A

surround the neurosomas in ganglia of the PNS

  • *neurosomas = nerve cell bodies
  • *ganglia = collection of neurosomas
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53
Q

What is the composition of the myelin sheath?

A

20% protein

80% lipid

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54
Q

Myelination:

A

production of the myelin sheath until completion in late adolescence

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55
Q

What are the two factors on the speed of nerve fibers?

A
  1. diameter of the fiber

2. presence/absence of myelin

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56
Q

Signal conduction occurs…

A

along the surface of a fiber NOT deep within its axoplasm

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57
Q

Why do large fibers conduct signals more rapidly?

A

they have more surface area

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58
Q

How does myelin sheath factor in on conduction speed?

A

presence speeds up signal conduction

59
Q

The cerebrum makes up […] of the brain’s volume and consists of a pair of […].

A

83%; cerebral hemispheres

60
Q

Gyri:

A

thick folds of the cerebrum

61
Q

Sulci:

A

shallow grooves in the cerebrum

62
Q

What marking separates the right and left hemispheres?

A

the longitudinal fissure

63
Q

At the bottom of the longitudinal fissure what connects the hemispheres?

A

a thick bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum

64
Q

What is (are) the function(s) of the frontal lobe?

A
  1. voluntary motor functions
  2. motivation
  3. foresight
  4. planning
  5. memory
  6. mood
  7. emotion
  8. social judgment
  9. aggression
65
Q

What is (are) the function(s) of the parietal lobe?

A
  1. primary site for receiving and interpreting signals of the general senses
66
Q

What is (are) the function(s) of the occipital lobe?

A
  1. principle visual center of the brain
67
Q

What is (are) the function(s) of the temporal lobe?

A
  1. hearing
  2. smell
  3. learning
  4. memory
  5. some aspects of vision and emotion
68
Q

Insula:

A

small mass of the cortex deep to the lateral sulcus

**made visible only by retracting or cutting away some of the overlying cerebrum

69
Q

What is the anatomic position of the cerebellum?

A

posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the cerebrum, separated from it by the transverse cerebral fissure

70
Q

Cerebellum– consists of right and left […] connected by a narrow bridge called the […].

A

cerebral hemispheres; vermis

71
Q

Cerebellum- Each hemisphere exhibits folds called […] separated by shallow […].

A

folia; sulci

72
Q

What are the most distinctive neurons within the cerebellum?

A

purkinje cells

73
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

A

cerebellar peduncles

74
Q

What are the 3 portions of the cerebellar peduncles?

A
  1. inferior peduncles
  2. middle peduncles
  3. superior peduncles
75
Q

Inferior peduncles are connected to the […] this is the […] input.

A

medulla oblongata; spinal

76
Q

Middle peduncles are connected to the […] this is the […] input.

A

pons; cerebral

77
Q

Superior peduncles are connected to the […] this is the […] output.

A

midbrain; cerebellar

78
Q

The white matter on the cerebellum exhibits a branching pattern called the […].

A

arbor vitae

79
Q

Cerebellum function:

A

center for monitoring muscle contractions and aiding in motor coordination

80
Q

Gray matter:

A

the seat of the neurosomas, dendrites, and synapses

81
Q

What does the gray matter form?

A

cortex (surface layer) and nuclei (deeper masses surrounded by white matter)

82
Q

What does the gray matter cortex layer cover?

A

cerebrum and cerebellum

83
Q

The brain is enveloped in three […] tissue membranes: […].

A

connective; meninges

84
Q

What are the three meinges?

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
85
Q

What are the functions for the meninges?

A

protect the brain and provide a structural framework for its arteries and veins

86
Q

The dura mater consists of two layers:

A
  1. outer periosteal layer

2. inner meningeal layer

87
Q

An outer periosteal layer is equivalent to…

A

periosteum of the cranial bones

88
Q

Dural sinuses:

A

spaces that collect blood that has circulated through the brain

89
Q

What are the two dural sinuses?

A
  1. superior sagittal sinus

2. transverse sinus

90
Q

Superior sagittal sinus:

A

can be found under the cranium along the median line

91
Q

Transverse sinus:

A

runs horizontally from the rear of the head toward each ear and empty into the internal jugular veins of the neck

92
Q

The arachnoid mater:

A

transparent membrane over the brain surface

93
Q

What are the spaces of separation for the pia?

A

below– subarachnoid

above– subdural

94
Q

The pia mater is […], that closely follows all the […] of the brain, even dipping into the […].

A

very thin; contours; sulci

95
Q

Meningitis:

A

inflammation of the meninges

**one of the most serious diseases of infancy and childhood

96
Q

When does meningitis occur?

A

3 months and 2 years of age

97
Q

What are the causes of meningitis?

A

variety of bacteria and viruses that invade the CNS by way of the nose and throat, often following respiratory, throat, or ear infections

98
Q

Signs and symptoms include (meningitis):

A

high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, intense headache, vomiting

99
Q

What can meningitis cause?

A

swelling of the brain, cerebral hemorrhaging, and sometimes death within mere hours of the onset of symptoms

100
Q

How is meningitis diagnosed?

A

spinal tap and extraction of the CBF for bacteria and WBCs

101
Q

CSF– On the floor or wall of each […] is a mass of […] called a […].

A

ventricle; blood capillaries; choroid plexus

102
Q

Ependyma:

A

type of neuroglia that resembles a cuboidal

103
Q

CSF:

A

clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of the CNS and bathes its externals surface

104
Q

CSF production begins with the […] of […] through the capillaries of the brain.

A

filtration; blood capillaries

105
Q

The brains internal chambers are called …

A

ventricles

106
Q

List the 4 ventricles:

A
  1. lateral ventricles (x2)
  2. third ventricle
  3. fourth ventricle
107
Q

The largest are the […], which form an […] in each cerebral hemisphere.

A

lateral ventricles; arc

108
Q

Through an […], each lateral ventricle is connected to the […], inferior to the […].

A

interventricular foramen; third ventricle; corpus callosum

109
Q

The […] passes down the core of the […] and leads to the […], between the pons and cerebellum.

A

cerebral aqueduct; midbrain; fourth ventricle

110
Q

What occurs to the overall ventricle structure when it forms the central canal?

A

the space narrows, allowing the extension through the medulla oblongata into the spinal cord

111
Q

What is in high demand for neurons?

A
  1. ATP
  2. glucose
  3. oxygen

** meaning blood supply

112
Q

Loss of consciousness is due to…

A

10 second interruption in blood flow

113
Q

Impair neural function is due to…

A

1-2 minute interruption

114
Q

Irreversible brain damage is due to…

A

4 minutes without blood

115
Q

Damaged brain tissue is essentially […] and the brain therefore must be […].

A

irreplaceable; well protected

116
Q

How is the brain well protected? What does it consist of?

A

blood-brain barrier (BBB)

consists of tight junctions between the endothelial cells that form the capillary walls

117
Q

List the substances that the BBS is highly permeable to:

A

water, glucose, lipid-soluble substances (O2, CO2, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, anesthetics)

118
Q

The brainstem major components:

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
119
Q

The brainstem ends at the […] magnum of the skull.

A

foramen magnum

120
Q

The medulla oblongata begins at the […] of the skull and ends at the […] between the […] and […].

A

foramen magnum; groove; medulla; pons

121
Q

T/F All nerve fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord pass through the medulla

122
Q

Nerve fibers that pass through the medulla are either […] or […].

A

ascending (sensory) and some are descending (motor) fibers

123
Q

Pons is situated […] to the medulla.

124
Q

What connects the cerebellum to the pons and midbrain?

A

two pair of cerebellar peduncles

125
Q

The pons exhibits continuations of the […] (sleep, […], posture).

A

reticular formation; respiration

126
Q

Cranial nerves […] to […] begin or end in the pons.

127
Q

Reticular formation:

A
  1. loosely organized web of gray matter that run vertically through all levels of the brainstem
  2. consists of more than 100 small neural networks
128
Q

What are the functions of the reticular formation (5)?

A
  1. somatic motor control
  2. cardiovascular control
  3. pain modulation
  4. sleep and consciousness
  5. habituation
129
Q

Injury to the sleep and consciousness function of the reticular formation can result in…

A

irreversible coma

130
Q

Somatic motor control:

A

muscle tension to maintain tone, balance, and posture

131
Q

Habituation:

A

the brain learns to ignore repetitive, inconsequential stimuli

132
Q

Each side of the brain has a […] (ovoid mass).

133
Q

Nearly all input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in the […].

A

thalamic nuclei

134
Q

What plays a key role in motor control? How does it accomplish this?

A

thalamus

signals from the cerebellum to the cerebrum

135
Q

The thalamus is involved in the […] and […] functions of the limbic system ([…] and […] lobes)

A

memory; emotional; temporal; frontal

136
Q

What does the hypothalamus form?

A

floor and part of the walls of the 3rd ventricle

137
Q

What is the range of the hypothalamus?

A

from the optic chiasm to the mammillary bodies

138
Q

The […] is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk ([…]).

A

pituitary gland; infundibulum

139
Q

Hypothalamus is the major control center of the […] and […] due to its […].

A

endocrine; autonomic nervous system; homeostasis regulation

140
Q

What are ways that shows the homeostatic regulation of the thalamus?

A
  1. hormone secretion
  2. autonomic effects
  3. thermoregulation
  4. food and water intake
  5. sleep and circadian rhythms
  6. memory
  7. emotional behavior and sexual response
141
Q

Epithalamus:

A

very small mass of tissue

142
Q

Epithalamus is composed of…

A
  1. pineal gland
  2. habenula
  3. thin roof over the 3rd ventricle
143
Q

The pineal gland is associated with…

A

circadian rhythyms

144
Q

The habenula is a […] from the limbic system to the […].

A

relay; midbrain

Anatomy (31 decks)

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