Lecture Exam 5- Ch. 27 Flashcards
- produces, stores, nourishes, & transports gametes
- Has no homeostatic role
Reproductive system
___ produce sperm
testes
____ produce oocytes
ovaries
Testes/ovaries that produce gametes & hormones
Gonads
Ducts that receive, store, and transport gametes
reproductive tract
secrete fluids
(what gland?)
accessory glands
Perineal structures
external genitalia
____ houses:
- testis
- epididymis
scrotum
carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
ductus deferens
a tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Urethra
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral gland
Glands of the male reproductive system
Dual chambers that house testes
Scrotum
cremaster muscle: ___ muscle
skeletal muscle
Contraction of the cremaster muscle tenses the scrotal sac & pulls it ____ to the body
closer (the testis)
cremaster muscle is responsible for what kind of regulation of the testes
thermoregulation
connective tissue; surrounds testes
Tunica albuginea
All testes-associated connections
- pass via the inguinal canal to the peritoneal cavity
spermatic cord
- Ductus deferens
- nerves
- lymphatic tissues
- cremaster muscles
spermatic cords
blood vessels:
______ cools blood in arteries heading to testes via countercurrent heat exchange
Pampiniform plexus
Whats A
seminal gland
whats B
prostate
whats C
bulbourethral gland
whats D
ductus deferens
whats E
epididymis
whats F
testis
whats A
spermatic cord
whats B
cremaster within cremasteric fascia
whats C
dartos muscle
whats D
inguinal canal
whats A
ductus deferens
whats B
epididymis
whats C
tunica vaginalis
whats D
tunica albuginea
whats E
rete testis
whats A
spermatic cord
whats B
ductus deferens
whats F
seminiferous tubule
whats G
tunica albuginea covering testis
whats I
head
whats J
body
whats K
tail
whats L
epididymis
- Simulates spermatogenesis
- promotes sperm maturation
- maintains accessory organs
- develops secondary sex characteristics (facial hair, etc.)
- stimulates growth & metabolism
- stimulates sexual behavior & sexual drive
Testosterone
Space between coils of seminiferous tubules
Interstitial endocrine cells (Leydig)
Testosterone is produced due to
luteinizing hormone
whats A
spermatids completing spermatogenesis
whats B
interstitial endocrine cells
whats C
spermatids beginning spermiogenesis
whats D
secondary spermatocyte
whats E
primary spermatocyte preparing for meiosis 1
whats F
nurse cells
whats G
spermatogonium
whats H
basal compartment
formation of sperm cells; spermatids
spermatogenesis
Spermatids mature to form physically ____ sperm cells
mature
During spermiogenesis, spermatids are embedded in what cells
nurse cells (Sertoli cells)
Upon maturation, sperm cells enter what?
lumen of seminiferous tubules
Prevent autoimmune destruction of sperm cells
maintenance of blood testis barrier
The process by which haploid round spermatids complete an extraordinary series of events to become streamlined spermatozoa capable of motility.
spermiogenesis
- maintenance of blood-testis barrier
- sperm is haploid
nurse cells
What stimulates nurse cells (2 things)
FSH and testosterone
What do nurse cells support
spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
A hormone that controls the rate of sperm formation
(secretion of) inhibin
2 hormones produced by pituitary gland
1) LH (interstitial cells)
2) FSH (antigen-binding proteins & nurse cells)
Life long process initiated at puberty
spermatogenesis
male gamete
sperm
23 chromosomes
haploid
tail of sperm
flagella
mitochondria & centrioles
middle piece (of sperm)
- chromosomes
- acrosome
head of sperm
filled with enzymes used in fertilization
Acrosome
- Seminal gland
- prostrate gland
- bulbourethral gland
Accessory glands of the male reproductive system
receives spermatozoa via the efferent ducts
Head of Epididymis
coiled tubes pass through
Body of Epididymis
Tubes begin to uncoil to become a single tube ductus deferens
Tail of Epididymis
The Epididymis is the recycling center for
damaged or old spermatozoa (mature sperm cells)
The Epididymis stores the spermatozoa for
further maturation
How long does it take spermatozoa to pass through the epididymis
2 weeks
Mature sperm are not motile until they undergo
capacitation (activation)
“activates” sperm, enables their motility & ability to fertilize an egg; happens outside epididymis
capacitation
sperm cells become motile when mixed with secretions from ____; “activated”
seminal glands
When do sperm cells become capable of fertilization?
when exposed to female reproductive tract
Before entering prostate gland, ductus deferens expands into
ampulla
The ampulla joins the excretory duct of the seminal gland to become the _____.
ejaculatory gland
Ejaculatory duct empties into ____
prostatic urethra
products of accessory glands (of male reproductive tract)
seminal fluid
- sperm
- seminal fluid
semen
seminal glands consist of a high concentration of ____
fructose
suppress the female immune response
Prostaglandins
help semen initially stay in vagina
Clotting factors
Seminal fluids will enable sperm to become
motile
prostatic fluid secreted into ____
prostatic urethra
prostatic fluid contains enzymes that breakup sperm coagulation in the vagina to allow ________
sperm motility
antibiotic proteins
seminalplasmin
prostatic fluid is ___
weakly acidic
Paired glands located at base of penis
bulbourethral glands
Bulbourethral glands contents empty into
spongy urethra
Bulbo-urethral glands: secretions consist of thick, sticky, ________
alkaline mucus
Secretions neutralize urinary acids that are remaining in urethra & ____
acidity of vagina
Attaches base of penis to rami of ischia
Root of penis
consists of erectile tissue
body (shaft) of penis
Stretchy sponge-like tissue that engorges with blood to increase in size and become rigid
Erectile tissue
- expanded distal end of the penis
- surrounds external urethral orifice
- covered by prepuce (foreskin)
glans penis
Urethra passes through this portion
One anterior corpus spongiosum
- parasympathetic nerves are activated
- smooth muscles in the arterial wall relax
- arterial vessels dilate & vascular channels within erectile tissue fill with blood
erection of penis
Whats B
seminal gland
Whats C
prostate
Whats D
prostatic urethra
Whats F
bulb of penis
Whats M
trigone of the urinary bladder
Whats N
ductus deferens
Whats P
bulbo-urethral gland
Whats J
spongy urethra
Whats A
dorsal artery (red)
vein (blue)
nerve (yellow)
Whats B
corpora cavernosa
Whats C
spongy urethra
Whats D
corpus spongiosum
Semen release and ejaculation is what type of activity
Sympathetic
Sperm mixed with semen by peristaltic actions of smooth muscle in:
- ductus deferens
- seminal glands
- prostate
- bulbourethral glands (pre-ejaculatory fluid that can have sperm in)
Emission
Power contractions of skeletal muscles push semen toward external urethral orifice
Ejaculation
Smooth muscles in the arterial wall relax and arterial vessels dilate and vascular channels within erectile tissue fill with blood
erection (what happens)
When are the parasympathetic nerves active within the nervous system?
when the penis becomes erect
- ovaries
- Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)- (fimbriae)
- uterus (cervix)
- vagina
- external genitalia
Parts of the female reproductive system
- clitoris
- labia minora/majora
- breasts
Examples of external genitalia
Encloses ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus
- mesosalpinx
- mesovarium
broad ligament
Whats 1
ovarian follicle
whats 2
urethral glands
whats 3
greater vestibular gland
whats 4
ovary
whats 5
uterine tube
whats 6
uterus
whats 7
perimetrium
whats 8
myometrium
whats 9
endometrium
whats 11
cervix
whats 12
vagina
whats 13
labium minus
whats 14
labium majus
whats 15
clitoris
whats A
fimbriae
whats B
infundibulum
whats C
ampulla
whats D
isthmus
whats E
uterine part
whats O
uterine tube
whats F
fundus of uterus
whats P
suspensory ligament of ovary
whats Q
mesovarium
whats R
ovarian ligament
whats Y
broad ligament
whats T
cervix
whats G
perimetrium
whats H
myometrium
whats I
endometrium
whats L
cervical canal
whats M
external os (external orifice)
whats V
uterine cavity
Where gametes & hormones produced; ovarian follicles
Cortex
nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
medulla
connective tissue covering
tunica albuginea
attaches to uterine tube
Mesosalpinx
supports each ovary
Mesovarium
production of female gametes
oogenesis
Monthly development of ovarian follicles
Ovarian cycle
Monthly preparation of uterus for implantation of fertilized embryo
Uterine cycle
When is # of primordial follicles set
before birth
Puberty sets off the ovarian cycle and uterine cycle due to increase ___
follicle-stimulating hormone
develop into primary ovarian follicles
Primordial follicles
Primordial follicle cells divide to create multiple layers of granulosa cells that surround ____
primary oocyte
Adjacent stromal cells become_________ which surround granulosa cells
Thecal endocrine cells
Granulosa and thecal cells release ___
estrogens
Dominant estrogen is ___
estradiol
- Stimulates bone & muscle growth
- maintains female secondary sex characteristics
- affects sex-related behaviors & drives
- maintains the function of reproductive glands & organs
- initiates repair and growth of the uterine lining
Estrogen functions
develop to form secondary ovarian follicles
Primary ovarian follicles
Secondary follicles enlarged due to fluid production. (antrum)
tertiary follicles
Primary oocyte undergoes _______ to become a secondary oocyte (haploid)
meiosis I
Release of a secondary oocyte from tertiary follicle and ovary
Ovulation
Causes a weakening in the follicular wall
Luteinizing hormone
The released secondary oocyte is guided by ____ into antrum uterine tube
fimbriae
Fertilization occurs in uterine tube if sperm reaches
oocyte
After ovulation empty follicle is called a corpus luteum
luteal phase
cells of the corpus luteum produce ____
progesterone
used to prepare body for pregnancy ___
progesterone
If pregnancy does not occur, corpus luteum decomposes (~ 12 days after ovulation) and becomes ___
corpus albicans
What happens if no zygote implantation occurs
Corpus luteum degrades
Decline in progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin starts
new cycle
Hollow tube, lined with smooth muscle
uterine tubes
drapes ovary to catch oocyte
fimbriae
lined with cilia to move oocyte along
Infundibulum
typical site of fertilization
Ampulla
connection to uterus
Isthmus
Opens to uterus
uterine part
How long is it from infundibulum to uterus
3-4 days
When should fertilization occur
first 24 hours of ovulation
whats A
primordial follicles
whats B
PRIMARY FOLLICLE
Whats C
secondary follicle
Whats D
tertiary follicle
Whats E
released secondary oocyte
Whats F
CORPUS LUTEUM
Whats G
corpus Albicans
Whats A
ureter
Whats B
ductus deferens
Whats C
seminal gland
Whats D
ampulla (of ductus deferens)
Whats F
ejaculatory duct
Whats G
prostate
Whats H
prostatic urethra
Whats I
bulbourethral glands
