anatomy lecture- exam 1 (ch.5) Flashcards
1
Q
skull, spine, thoracic cavity
A
axial
2
Q
limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
A
appendicular
3
Q
- skeleton
- cartilage
- ligaments
A
skeletal system
4
Q
- calcium ions
- phosphate ions
- blood production ( yellow marrow & red marrow)
A
storage of minerals
5
Q
bone marrow produces erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets
A
blood cell production
6
Q
- hydroxyapatite crystals (mainly calcium phosphate will resist compression, but inflexible)
- collagen fibers (contributes to tensile strength of bones & limited flexibility to matrix)
A
matrix of bone
7
Q
bone cells contribute only
A
2% of bone mass
8
Q
- mature bone cells
- maintains protein & mineral content of matrix
- controls release & deposition of Ca2+ in/out of bone
A
osteocytes
9
Q
depressions where osteocytes reside
A
lacunae
10
Q
osteocytes matrix
A
lamella
11
Q
small channels from osteocytes to bone capillaries
A
canaliculi
12
Q
- immature bone cells
- found on inner & outer surfaces of bones
- when they enclose itself completely in the matrix it will become osteocytes
A
osteoblasts
13
Q
organic mix dumped into matrix
A
produce osteoid
14
Q
new bone formation via calcification of osteoid leading to ossification
A
osteogenesis
15
Q
- bone stem cells
- innermost layer of periosteum & inner lining of endosteum
- differentiate to form new osteoblasts
- involved in repair of bones after a facture
A
osteoprogenitor cells
16
Q
multinucleated cells
A
osteoclasts
17
Q
secrete acids, dissolving bones causing the release of calcium/phosphate into blood
A
osteolysis
18
Q
- dense & solid
- forms walls of bones
- parallel compression
A
compact bone
19
Q
- open network of plates
- multidirectional or light strain
- surrounds medullary cavity (open space)
- bone marrow: connective tissue in medullary cavity
A
spongy bone (trabecular bone)
20
Q
ends of long bones
A
epiphysis
21
Q
shaft of long bones
A
diaphysis
22
Q
transition
A
metaphysis
23
Q
inner cavity of diaphysis
A
medullary cavity
24
Q
“growth line”
A
epiphyseal line
25
- arranged in parallel struts
- trabeculae: branching plates forming an open network
- reduces the weight of bones, but keeps strength
spongy bones
26
- transmission of stress parallel to bone axis
- osteon arrangement is parallel to bone axis
- weak bone strength perpendicular to bone axis
functional differences: compact bone
27
- multidirectional or light strain
- trabeculae are oriented along stress lines
- has extensive cross- bracing
- supports marrow
functional differences: spongy bone
28
mainly adipose, energy store
- medullary cavity
yellow marrow
29
production & storage of leukocytes, erthyrocytes & thrombocytes
red marrow
30
- decrease the weight of bones
- allow bone to tolerate multidirectional or light strain
- formed by a branching network of trabeculae
-contains red bone marrow, which mainly produces blood cells
spongy bone
31
identify the bone cell type
osteocyte
32
identify the bone cell type
osteoblast
33
identify the bone cell type
osteoprogenitor cell
34
identify the bone cell type
osteoclast
35
osseous tissue types
compact bone & spongy bone
36
outer surface of bone
periosteum
37
- fibrous layer & osteogenic layer (complete, multi cell)
- isolates & protects bone from surround tissue
- attachment for circulatory & nervous supply
- bone growth & repair
- attachment site for tendons & ligaments
periosteum
38
anchors periosteum to bone & other connective tissues
perforating fibers
39
inner surface of bone; single, incomplete cell layer
endosteum
40
both endosteum & periosteum have
- osteoblasts
- osteoprogenitor cells
- osteoclasts
41
produces matrix
osteoblasts
42
produce osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
43
break down matrix
osteoclasts
44
- osteoblasts in periosteum add bone matrix to surface
- forming circumferntial lamellae on outer surface
- osteons are formed
- osteoclasts break down layer below endosteum to enlarge medullary cavity
appositional growth
45
- elastic deformation
- plastic deformation
- fracture
types of strain
46
energy input is fully released; no change in bone shape
elastic deformation
47
not all energy is released; change in bone shape
plastic deformation
48
no energy released; bone breaks
fracture
49
bones change shape in response to ___
strain
50
- minerals (calcium, phosphate, magnesium, citrate, carbonate, sodium)
- vitamins (A, C, D3)
factors regulating bone growth
51
- stimulates osteoclasts & osteoblasts
- a hormone that increases your blood calcium levels by reducing calcium loss in urine
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
52
- inhibits osteoclasts
- helps regulate calcium levels in your body by decreasing it
calcitonin
53
maintain activity in epiphyseal region for growth
thyroxine & growth hormone
54
- stimulate osteoblast activity causing growth spurts during puberty
- maintain bone density in adults
estrogen & testosterone
55
have complex shapes with short, flat, notched or ridged surfaces
- ex: vertebra
irregular bones
56
are boxlike in appearance
- external surface are covered by compact bone
- interior contains spongy bone
- ex: carpal bones (wrist)
short bones
57
bones that are hollow or contain numerous air pockets
- ex: ethmoid bone
pneumatized bones
58
thin, roughly parallel surfaces of compact bone
- ex: parietal bone
flat bones
59
are relatively long and slender; found in upper and lower limbs
- ex: ulna, femur, radius, etc.
long bones
60
usually small, round, and flat
- ex: patella
sesamoid bones
