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ANATOMY > anatomy lecture- exam 1 (ch.5) > Flashcards

anatomy lecture- exam 1 (ch.5) Flashcards

1
Q

skull, spine, thoracic cavity

A

axial

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2
Q

limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

A

appendicular

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3
Q
  • skeleton
  • cartilage
  • ligaments
A

skeletal system

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4
Q
  • calcium ions
  • phosphate ions
  • blood production ( yellow marrow & red marrow)
A

storage of minerals

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5
Q

bone marrow produces erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets

A

blood cell production

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6
Q
  • hydroxyapatite crystals (mainly calcium phosphate will resist compression, but inflexible)
  • collagen fibers (contributes to tensile strength of bones & limited flexibility to matrix)
A

matrix of bone

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7
Q

bone cells contribute only

A

2% of bone mass

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8
Q
  • mature bone cells
  • maintains protein & mineral content of matrix
  • controls release & deposition of Ca2+ in/out of bone
A

osteocytes

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9
Q

depressions where osteocytes reside

A

lacunae

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10
Q

osteocytes matrix

A

lamella

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11
Q

small channels from osteocytes to bone capillaries

A

canaliculi

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12
Q
  • immature bone cells
  • found on inner & outer surfaces of bones
  • when they enclose itself completely in the matrix it will become osteocytes
A

osteoblasts

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13
Q

organic mix dumped into matrix

A

produce osteoid

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14
Q

new bone formation via calcification of osteoid leading to ossification

A

osteogenesis

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15
Q
  • bone stem cells
  • innermost layer of periosteum & inner lining of endosteum
  • differentiate to form new osteoblasts
  • involved in repair of bones after a facture
A

osteoprogenitor cells

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16
Q

multinucleated cells

A

osteoclasts

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17
Q

secrete acids, dissolving bones causing the release of calcium/phosphate into blood

A

osteolysis

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18
Q
  • dense & solid
  • forms walls of bones
  • parallel compression
A

compact bone

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19
Q
  • open network of plates
  • multidirectional or light strain
  • surrounds medullary cavity (open space)
  • bone marrow: connective tissue in medullary cavity
A

spongy bone (trabecular bone)

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20
Q

ends of long bones

A

epiphysis

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21
Q

shaft of long bones

A

diaphysis

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22
Q

transition

A

metaphysis

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23
Q

inner cavity of diaphysis

A

medullary cavity

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24
Q

“growth line”

A

epiphyseal line

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25
Q
  • arranged in parallel struts
  • trabeculae: branching plates forming an open network
  • reduces the weight of bones, but keeps strength
A

spongy bones

26
Q
  • transmission of stress parallel to bone axis
  • osteon arrangement is parallel to bone axis
  • weak bone strength perpendicular to bone axis
A

functional differences: compact bone

27
Q
  • multidirectional or light strain
  • trabeculae are oriented along stress lines
  • has extensive cross- bracing
  • supports marrow
A

functional differences: spongy bone

28
Q

mainly adipose, energy store
- medullary cavity

A

yellow marrow

29
Q

production & storage of leukocytes, erthyrocytes & thrombocytes

A

red marrow

30
Q
  • decrease the weight of bones
  • allow bone to tolerate multidirectional or light strain
  • formed by a branching network of trabeculae
    -contains red bone marrow, which mainly produces blood cells
A

spongy bone

31
Q

identify the bone cell type

A

osteocyte

32
Q

identify the bone cell type

A

osteoblast

33
Q

identify the bone cell type

A

osteoprogenitor cell

34
Q

identify the bone cell type

A

osteoclast

35
Q

osseous tissue types

A

compact bone & spongy bone

36
Q

outer surface of bone

A

periosteum

37
Q
  • fibrous layer & osteogenic layer (complete, multi cell)
  • isolates & protects bone from surround tissue
  • attachment for circulatory & nervous supply
  • bone growth & repair
  • attachment site for tendons & ligaments
A

periosteum

38
Q

anchors periosteum to bone & other connective tissues

A

perforating fibers

39
Q

inner surface of bone; single, incomplete cell layer

A

endosteum

40
Q

both endosteum & periosteum have

A
  • osteoblasts
  • osteoprogenitor cells
  • osteoclasts
41
Q

produces matrix

A

osteoblasts

42
Q

produce osteoblasts

A

osteoprogenitor cells

43
Q

break down matrix

A

osteoclasts

44
Q
  • osteoblasts in periosteum add bone matrix to surface
  • forming circumferntial lamellae on outer surface
  • osteons are formed
  • osteoclasts break down layer below endosteum to enlarge medullary cavity
A

appositional growth

45
Q
  • elastic deformation
  • plastic deformation
  • fracture
A

types of strain

46
Q

energy input is fully released; no change in bone shape

A

elastic deformation

47
Q

not all energy is released; change in bone shape

A

plastic deformation

48
Q

no energy released; bone breaks

A

fracture

49
Q

bones change shape in response to ___

A

strain

50
Q
  • minerals (calcium, phosphate, magnesium, citrate, carbonate, sodium)
  • vitamins (A, C, D3)
A

factors regulating bone growth

51
Q
  • stimulates osteoclasts & osteoblasts
  • a hormone that increases your blood calcium levels by reducing calcium loss in urine
A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

52
Q
  • inhibits osteoclasts
  • helps regulate calcium levels in your body by decreasing it
A

calcitonin

53
Q

maintain activity in epiphyseal region for growth

A

thyroxine & growth hormone

54
Q
  • stimulate osteoblast activity causing growth spurts during puberty
  • maintain bone density in adults
A

estrogen & testosterone

55
Q

have complex shapes with short, flat, notched or ridged surfaces
- ex: vertebra

A

irregular bones

56
Q

are boxlike in appearance
- external surface are covered by compact bone
- interior contains spongy bone
- ex: carpal bones (wrist)

A

short bones

57
Q

bones that are hollow or contain numerous air pockets
- ex: ethmoid bone

A

pneumatized bones

58
Q

thin, roughly parallel surfaces of compact bone
- ex: parietal bone

A

flat bones

59
Q

are relatively long and slender; found in upper and lower limbs
- ex: ulna, femur, radius, etc.

A

long bones

60
Q

usually small, round, and flat
- ex: patella

A

sesamoid bones

ANATOMY (24 decks)

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