anatomy lecture- exam 1 (ch.5) Flashcards
skull, spine, thoracic cavity
axial
limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
appendicular
- skeleton
- cartilage
- ligaments
skeletal system
- calcium ions
- phosphate ions
- blood production ( yellow marrow & red marrow)
storage of minerals
bone marrow produces erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets
blood cell production
- hydroxyapatite crystals (mainly calcium phosphate will resist compression, but inflexible)
- collagen fibers (contributes to tensile strength of bones & limited flexibility to matrix)
matrix of bone
bone cells contribute only
2% of bone mass
- mature bone cells
- maintains protein & mineral content of matrix
- controls release & deposition of Ca2+ in/out of bone
osteocytes
depressions where osteocytes reside
lacunae
osteocytes matrix
lamella
small channels from osteocytes to bone capillaries
canaliculi
- immature bone cells
- found on inner & outer surfaces of bones
- when they enclose itself completely in the matrix it will become osteocytes
osteoblasts
organic mix dumped into matrix
produce osteoid
new bone formation via calcification of osteoid leading to ossification
osteogenesis
- bone stem cells
- innermost layer of periosteum & inner lining of endosteum
- differentiate to form new osteoblasts
- involved in repair of bones after a facture
osteoprogenitor cells
multinucleated cells
osteoclasts
secrete acids, dissolving bones causing the release of calcium/phosphate into blood
osteolysis
- dense & solid
- forms walls of bones
- parallel compression
compact bone
- open network of plates
- multidirectional or light strain
- surrounds medullary cavity (open space)
- bone marrow: connective tissue in medullary cavity
spongy bone (trabecular bone)
ends of long bones
epiphysis
shaft of long bones
diaphysis
transition
metaphysis
inner cavity of diaphysis
medullary cavity
“growth line”
epiphyseal line
- arranged in parallel struts
- trabeculae: branching plates forming an open network
- reduces the weight of bones, but keeps strength
spongy bones
- transmission of stress parallel to bone axis
- osteon arrangement is parallel to bone axis
- weak bone strength perpendicular to bone axis
functional differences: compact bone
- multidirectional or light strain
- trabeculae are oriented along stress lines
- has extensive cross- bracing
- supports marrow
functional differences: spongy bone
mainly adipose, energy store
- medullary cavity
yellow marrow
production & storage of leukocytes, erthyrocytes & thrombocytes
red marrow
- decrease the weight of bones
- allow bone to tolerate multidirectional or light strain
- formed by a branching network of trabeculae
-contains red bone marrow, which mainly produces blood cells
spongy bone
identify the bone cell type
osteocyte
identify the bone cell type
osteoblast
identify the bone cell type
osteoprogenitor cell
identify the bone cell type
osteoclast
osseous tissue types
compact bone & spongy bone
outer surface of bone
periosteum
- fibrous layer & osteogenic layer (complete, multi cell)
- isolates & protects bone from surround tissue
- attachment for circulatory & nervous supply
- bone growth & repair
- attachment site for tendons & ligaments
periosteum
anchors periosteum to bone & other connective tissues
perforating fibers
inner surface of bone; single, incomplete cell layer
endosteum
both endosteum & periosteum have
- osteoblasts
- osteoprogenitor cells
- osteoclasts
produces matrix
osteoblasts
produce osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
break down matrix
osteoclasts
- osteoblasts in periosteum add bone matrix to surface
- forming circumferntial lamellae on outer surface
- osteons are formed
- osteoclasts break down layer below endosteum to enlarge medullary cavity
appositional growth
- elastic deformation
- plastic deformation
- fracture
types of strain
energy input is fully released; no change in bone shape
elastic deformation
not all energy is released; change in bone shape
plastic deformation
no energy released; bone breaks
fracture
bones change shape in response to ___
strain
- minerals (calcium, phosphate, magnesium, citrate, carbonate, sodium)
- vitamins (A, C, D3)
factors regulating bone growth
- stimulates osteoclasts & osteoblasts
- a hormone that increases your blood calcium levels by reducing calcium loss in urine
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- inhibits osteoclasts
- helps regulate calcium levels in your body by decreasing it
calcitonin
maintain activity in epiphyseal region for growth
thyroxine & growth hormone
- stimulate osteoblast activity causing growth spurts during puberty
- maintain bone density in adults
estrogen & testosterone
have complex shapes with short, flat, notched or ridged surfaces
- ex: vertebra
irregular bones
are boxlike in appearance
- external surface are covered by compact bone
- interior contains spongy bone
- ex: carpal bones (wrist)
short bones
bones that are hollow or contain numerous air pockets
- ex: ethmoid bone
pneumatized bones
thin, roughly parallel surfaces of compact bone
- ex: parietal bone
flat bones
are relatively long and slender; found in upper and lower limbs
- ex: ulna, femur, radius, etc.
long bones
usually small, round, and flat
- ex: patella
sesamoid bones
