Lecture Exam 5- Ch. 26 Flashcards
1
Q
- regulates plasma ion concentrations
- regulates blood volume & blood pressure
- regulate blood pH
- prevents loss of valuable nutrients
A
urinary system
2
Q
What metabolic wastes does the urinary system eliminate?
A
urea, uric acid, drugs
3
Q
What does the urinary system synthesize?
A
calcitriol (active form of vitamin D) & erythropoietin (for RBC production)
4
Q
The urinary system aids what in metabolic functions
A
liver
5
Q
contain nephrons, produce urine
A
Kidneys
6
Q
transports urine toward the urinary bladder
A
Ureter
7
Q
Urine is stored in the bladder until what
A
micturition/ urination
8
Q
temporarily stores urine prior to elimination
A
urinary bladder
9
Q
conducts urine to exterior; in males also transports semen
A
urethra
10
Q
what type of epithelium is in the urinary bladder
A
transitional epithelium
11
Q
Which kidney is slightly superior to the other
A
left is superior to right
12
Q
Point of entry/exit for blood vessles, nerves, lymphatic vessel, and ureter
A
Hilum
13
Q
Superior to each kidney
A
Adrenal glands
14
Q
large vessels, glomeruli
A
Renal cortex
15
Q
LOH, collecting ducts, vasa recta
A
Renal medulla
16
Q
bundles of medullary tissue
A
Renal pyramids
17
Q
tips of pyramids where urine is excreted into calyxes
A
Renal papillae
18
Q
Bands of cortical tissue between pyramids
A
Renal columns
19
Q
Renal pyramids, overlying renal cortex, and adjacent renal columns
A
kidney lobe
20
Q
Whats B
A
renal sinus
21
Q
whats E
A
hilum
22
Q
whats F
A
renal papilla
23
Q
whats H
A
cortex
24
Q
whats I
A
medulla
25
whats J
renal pyramid
26
whats L
minor calyx
27
whats M
major calyx
27
Inner cavity of kidney
Renal sinus
28
collects urine from major calyxes, empties to ureter
Renal pelvis
29
Collects urine from renal papillae
minor calyx
30
collects urine from minor calyxes
major calyx
31
Urine production is controlled by
autoregulation
32
automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any given point in time
Autoregulation
33
whats 2
cortical radiate arteries
34
whats 3
interlobar arteries
35
whats 4
segmental artery
36
whats 6
renal artery
37
blood flows from renal artery --> _____ --> interlobar arteries --> _____
segmental artery; cortical radiate arteries
38
Whats A
cortical radiate vein
39
Whats B
cortical radiate artery
40
Whats C
arcuate artery
41
Whats D
arcuate vein
42
Whats E
glomerulus
43
Whats G
cortical nephron
44
Whats H
juxtamedullary nephron
45
Whats I
interlobar vein
46
Whats J
interlobar artery
47
Nerve fibers that are most plentiful in kidney
Sympathetic nerve fibers
48
Present in kidney but not very abundant
Parasympathetic nerves
49
Each nephron is
innervated
50
- Control vasoconstriction and vasodilation of renal arterioles
- regulate renal blood flow and pressure
- stimulate renin release
- stimulate water and sodium ion reabsorption
Functions of neural innervation
51
Smallest functional unit of kidney
Nephrons
52
glomerular capillaries, glomerular capsule
renal corpuscle
53
afferent and efferent arteriole
Vascular pole
54
microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration
renal tubule
55
first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients
proximal convoluted tubule
56
part of renal tubule composed of descending and ascending loop, responsible for reabsorption of water, Na+, CL-, secrete H+
nephron loop (loop of Henle)
57
Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium
Distal convoluted tubule
58
Ultimately produces urine from filtrate
collecting system
59
collects filtrate from DCT
connecting tubules
60
Drains multiple connecting tubules from different nephrons
collecting duct
61
dumps urine into minor calyx
papillary duct
62
Once filtrate is in minor calyx; no longer altered
Urine
63
Whats H
collecting duct
64
whats G
ascending loop/limb
65
whats B
renal corpuscle
66
whats I
papillary duct
67
whats nephron A
cortical nephron
68
whats nephron B
juxtamedullary nephron
69
LOH mainly stays in cortex
cortical nephron
70
LOH dips deep into medulla
Juxtamedullary nephron
71
In both nephron types & in the cortex
- surrounds DCT & PCT
Peritubular capillaries
72
Only in juxtamedullary nephrons and in medulla
- surrounds LOH used mainly in reabsorption of water
Vasa recta
73
What does the renal corpuscle consist of?
glomerulus and bowman's capsule
74
whats 1
efferent arteriole
75
whats 2
vascular pole of renal corpuscle
76
whats 3
afferent arteriole
77
whats 4
peritubular capillaries
78
whats 5
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
79
whats 7
peritubular capillaries
80
whats 8
nephron loop / loop of henle
81
whats 14
vasa recta
82
whats 9
peritubular capillaries
83
whats 10
glomerulus
84
_________ consists of:
capsular outer layer, visceral layer, capsular space
Glomerular capsule consists of
85
Made of squamous cells that are continuous with the lining of PCT
Capsular outer layer
86
epithelial lining of glomerular capillaries; podocytes
Visceral layer
87
Opens to PCT
Capsular space
88
Whats A
efferent arteriole
89
Whats B
macula densa
90
Whats C
mesangial cells
91
Whats D
juxtaglomerular cells
92
Whats E
juxtaglomerular complex
93
Whats F
afferent arteriole
94
Whats P
distal convoluted tubule
95
Whats O
glomerular capillary
96
Whats M
proximal convoluted tubule
97
Whats K
podocytes (visceral layer)
98
Whats L
glomerular capsule
99
Whats G
vascular pole
100
Renal corpuscle secrete ___ & ___
renin & erythropoietin
101
Support glomerular capillaries
Mesangial cells
102
Form glomerular epithelium, "feet" form filtration slits
Podocytes
103
- Begins at the tubular pole of the renal corpuscle
- lined with simple cuboidal epithelium containing microvilli
- a major site of reabsorption
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
104
waste products are actively secreted into filtrate from blood
- drained by vasa recta
Loop of Henle (nephron loop)
105
Reabsorption of water; only permeable to water
Descending limb
106
Reabsorption of ions; impermeable to water
Ascending limb
107
Loop of henle has _____ epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
108
- the last segment of the nephron
- opens into the collecting system
- consists of connecting tubules, collecting ducts, and papillary ducts
Distal Convuluted Tubule
109
The DCT is active and has regulated secretions of
ions, acids, toxins
110
DCT is selective reabsorption of ___ & ____
sodium & calcium ions
111
DCT is used in the regulation of
glomerular filtration rate
112
DCT of each nephron empties filtrate to third
connecting tubules
113
Several connecting tubules drain into this tube
collecting ducts
114
excrete filtrate
papillary ducts
115
- connecting tubules
- collecting ducts
- papillary ducts
collecting system
116
- Macula densa cells
- juxtaglomerular cells
- extraglomerular mesangial cells
Juxtaglomerular complex
117
Will alter arteriole BP & systemic BP
Juxtaglomerular complex
118
constriction & dilation of arteriole; afferent & efferent
Arteriole's BP changes via
119
Precursor for angiotensin; raises BP
Renin
120
regulate the density of RBCs
Erythropoietin
121
What will be altered due to changes in arteriole BP
GFR
122
drain urine from kidneys to bladder; exits at hilum
Ureters
123
Where does urine enter bladder
trigone via ureteral orifices
124
____ & ____ moves urine toward the urinary bladder
Peristaltic contractions and gravity
125
ureter: Inner mucosa is lined with ____
transitional epithelium
126
Ureter: Middle muscular layer has ______ & _______ muscles
longitudinal & circular smooth muscles
127
continuous with fibrous capsule and parietal peritoneum
Adventitia
128
whats A
transitional epithelium
129
whats B
lamina propria
130
whats C
mucosa
131
whats D
smooth muscle
132
whats E
Adventitia
133
- Circular smooth muscle
- mucous producing cells in the epithelium
Urethra
134
through prostate gland
Prostatic urethra
135
short segment through external urethral sphincter
Membranous urethra
136
through the penis to the external urethral orifice
spongy urethra
137
Involve spinal cord & pontine centers of brain
Urine storage and voiding reflexes
138
Urine storage _______ sympathetic activity
increases
139
Stretch receptors in the bladder signals _____ reflex
sympathetic reflex
140
Urine Storage Reflex inhibits ___ muscle
detrusor muscle
141
Urine Storage Reflex stimulates contraction of internal and external ____
urethral sphincters
142
whats A
median umbilical ligament
143
whats B
ureter
144
whats C
lateral umbilical ligament
145
whats D
detrusor
146
whats E
rugae
147
whats G
internal urethral sphincter
148
whats H
external urethral sphincter
149
whats I
trigone (dashed lines)
150
whats L
prostate gland
151
whats A
lumen of urethra
152
whats B
stratified squamous epithelium of mucosa
153
whats C
lamina propia containing mucous epithelial glands
154
Whats A
urinary bladder
155
Whats B
prostate
156
Whats C
spongy urethra
157
Whats D
urethra
158
Whats A
uterus
159
Whats B
urinary bladder
160
Whats C
internal urethral sphincter
161
Whats D
urethra
162
Whats E
external urethral sphincter
163
Whats F
vagina
164
internal urethral sphincter ____; ___ muscle
relaxes; smooth
165
_____ effort is needed to relax (open) external urethral sphincter; ___ muscle
voluntary; skeletal
