LECTURE exam 3- ch. 20 Flashcards

1
Q
  • O2 & CO2
  • nutrients
  • metabolic wastes
  • enzymes
  • hormones
  • leukocytes & antibodies
  • toxins for neutralization or excretion
A

blood transport

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2
Q
  • pH of interstitial fluid
  • ions of interstitial fluid
A

blood regulates

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3
Q
  • transport
  • regulate
  • reduce/stop body fluid loss from injury; clotting
  • aid in temp regulation
A

functions of blood

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4
Q
  • plasma
  • buffy coat
  • erythrocytes
A

blood composition

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5
Q

thrombocytes (platelets) & leukocytes (WBC)

A

buffy coat

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6
Q

outside of cells
- interstitial fluid
- plasma
- other fluid

A

extracellular fluid

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7
Q

fluid portion of blood

A

plasma (definition)

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8
Q

lymph, cerebrospinal, synovial, serous, etc.

A

other fluid

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9
Q
  • albumins (60%)
  • globulins (35%)
  • fibrinogen (4%)
  • regulatory proteins (< 1%)
A

plasma proteins

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10
Q
  • higher O2
  • lower CO2
    -higher dissolved [protein]
A

plasma

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11
Q
  • lower O2
  • higher CO2
  • lower dissolved [protein]
A

interstitial fluid

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12
Q

transport fatty acids, steroid hormones, & thyroid hormones

A

albumins (osmotic)

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13
Q
  • immunoglobins
  • transport globulins
A

globulins (defense)

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14
Q

forms blood clots by converting to fibrin
- serum
- anticoagulants

A

fibrinogen (clotting)

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15
Q

blood w/ clotting proteins removed

A

serum

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16
Q

compounds that prevent fibrin formation

A

anticoagulants

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17
Q

enzymes, proenzymes, hormones

A

other regulatory proteins (<1%)

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18
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies

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19
Q

transport globulins

A

transport hormones, lipids, & ions

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20
Q

% of blood sample volume made of erythrocytes

A

hematocrit

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21
Q
  • anemia
  • blood loss
  • micronutrient deficiency
  • chronic infection
A

low hematocrit

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22
Q
  • dehydration
  • polycythemia
  • lung/heart disease
A

high hematocrit

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23
Q
  • biconcave disc
  • anucleate
  • no mitochondria
  • lacks ER & ribosomes
  • contain hemoglobin
A

erythrocytes (RBC)

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24
Q

lifespan of RBC

A

120 days

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25
Q

____% of circulating erythrocytes are replaced daily

A

1

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26
Q

stacking of RBC

A

rouleaux formation

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27
Q

_____ is the respiratory pigment of RBCs

A

hemoglobin

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28
Q

where O2 & CO2 will bind to Hb

A

heme units

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29
Q

describes hemoglobin’s lower affinity for oxygen secondary to increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and/or decreased blood pH. This lower affinity, in turn, enhances the unloading of oxygen into tissues to meet the oxygen demand of the tissue.

A

bohr effect

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30
Q

Hb in RBCs allows for a _____ concentration of CO2 & O2 in blood

A

higher

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31
Q

CO2 & O2 are also dissolved in plasma but at much ____ concentrations

A

lower

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32
Q

bohr effect:
_____ pH, Hb release O2

A

decreased

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33
Q

bohr effect:
_____ pH, Hb take up O2

A

increased

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34
Q

changes in Hb O2 affinity due to pH changes

A

bohr effect (definition)

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35
Q

0 to 6 (pH)

A

acids

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36
Q

7 (pH)

A

neutral (water)

37
Q

8 to 14 (pH)

A

bases

38
Q

pH= __ = __

A

pH = -log[H+] = log 1/[H+]

39
Q

< 6.8 pH

A

death

40
Q

6.8 - 7.35 pH

A

acidosis

41
Q

7.35 - 7.45 pH

A

normal

42
Q

7.45 - 7.8 pH

A

alkalosis

43
Q

> 7.8 pH

A

death

44
Q

_____ _____ maintain pH in normal range

A

homeostatic mechanisms

45
Q

rapid pH regulation
- release CO2 &/or bind CO2 to Hb

A

respiratory & blood

46
Q

slow pH regulation
- retain/release H+ & HCO3-

A

renal system

47
Q

H2O + CO2 ⇆ H2CO3 ⇆ H+ + HCO3-

More acidic —->
More basic <—-

A

physiological buffering

48
Q
  • acidosis = too much CO2
  • alkalosis = too little CO2
A

respiratory buffering

49
Q
  • acidosis = low pH & [HCO3-]
  • alkalosis = high pH & [HCO3-]
A

metabolic buffering

50
Q

H2CO3

A

carbonic acid

51
Q

HCO3-

A

bicarbonate ion

52
Q

genetically determined
- based on RBC surface antigen
- antibodies produced against non-self antigens
- donor/recipient compatibility

A

blood types

53
Q

RBC have Rh surface antigens

A

Rh+

54
Q

RBC lack Rh surface antigens

A

Rh-

55
Q

____ ____ antibodies only produced when Rh- individuals are exposed to Rh antigens

A

anti Rh

56
Q

___: universal donor; ___: universal recipient

A

O- ; AB+

57
Q

RH antibodies produced if Rh- person exposed to Rh+ via:

A
  • pregnancy (Rh- mother; Rh+ fetus)
  • blood transfusion
58
Q
  • cross-reaction
  • agglutination
  • hemolysis
A

donor-recipient compatibility

59
Q

when antibody meets specific antigen

A

cross-reaction

60
Q

clumping of RBCs & antibodies

A

agglutination

61
Q

rupturing of RBCs

A

hemolysis

62
Q

white blood cells
- diapedesis
- chemotaxis

A

Leukocytes

63
Q

leukocytes squeeze b/w endothelial cells to leave capillaries

A

diapedesis

64
Q

chemical signals that attract leukocytes to infections

A

chemotaxis

65
Q

lack cytoplasmic granules

A

agranulocytes

66
Q

large cells; kidney-shaped nucleus
- use chemotaxis
- attract fibroblasts to encase pathogen in collagen
- produce scar tissue

A

monocytes

67
Q

round nucleus; responsible for specific immunity
- primary cells of lymphatic system
- can differentiate into T cells, B cells, & NK cells

A

lymphocytes

68
Q

enter tissues to directly attack pathogens

A

T cells

69
Q

produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies

A

B cells

70
Q

attack abnormal cells; immune surveillance

A

NK cells

71
Q

have cytoplasmic granules

A

granulocytes

72
Q

multilobed nucleus
- granules are vacuoles w/ lysosomal enzymes & bactericidal compounds
- phagocytotic
- short-lived; will secrete chemotaxic chemicals upon death

A

neutrophils

73
Q

bilobed nucleus
- attack objects marked w/ antibodies
- involved w/ allergies &/or parasites
- secrete compounds that reduce inflammation

A

eosinophils

74
Q

very high density of granules
- histamine
- heparin

A

basophils

75
Q

dilate blood vessels to enable diapedesis

A

histamine

76
Q

prevents blood clots

A

heparin

77
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

78
Q

thrombocytes are derived from __

A

megakaryocytes

79
Q

fragment forming bits & pieces of membrane-enclosed packets of chemicals

A

megakaryocytes

80
Q

blood clotting

A

hemostasis

81
Q

thrombocytes release ____ & _____ to initiate clotting process

A

chemicals; enzymes

82
Q
  • in red marrow
  • required vitamin B12, amino acids, & Fe
  • erythropoietin (EPO)
A

erythropoiesis

83
Q

glycoprotein hormone by kidneys & liver in response to low O2; hypoxia
- stimulates erythroblast & stem cell division rates
- speeds up Hb formation

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

84
Q

differentiation of myeloid cells into leukocytes
- CSFs

A

leukopoiesis

85
Q

hormones that stimulate leukocyte production

A

colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

86
Q

differentiation of lymphoid cells into lymphocytes

A

lymphopoiesis

87
Q

____ stem cells will also travel to peripheral lymphatic tissue
- thymus
- spleen
-lymph nodes

A

lymphoid

88
Q

blood cell formation; red marrow; yellow marrow can be converted to red

A

hemopoiesis

89
Q

low iron –> not enough hemoglobin = __

A

anemic