LECTURE exam 3- ch. 20 Flashcards
1
Q
- O2 & CO2
- nutrients
- metabolic wastes
- enzymes
- hormones
- leukocytes & antibodies
- toxins for neutralization or excretion
A
blood transport
2
Q
- pH of interstitial fluid
- ions of interstitial fluid
A
blood regulates
3
Q
- transport
- regulate
- reduce/stop body fluid loss from injury; clotting
- aid in temp regulation
A
functions of blood
4
Q
- plasma
- buffy coat
- erythrocytes
A
blood composition
5
Q
thrombocytes (platelets) & leukocytes (WBC)
A
buffy coat
6
Q
outside of cells
- interstitial fluid
- plasma
- other fluid
A
extracellular fluid
7
Q
fluid portion of blood
A
plasma (definition)
8
Q
lymph, cerebrospinal, synovial, serous, etc.
A
other fluid
9
Q
- albumins (60%)
- globulins (35%)
- fibrinogen (4%)
- regulatory proteins (< 1%)
A
plasma proteins
10
Q
- higher O2
- lower CO2
-higher dissolved [protein]
A
plasma
11
Q
- lower O2
- higher CO2
- lower dissolved [protein]
A
interstitial fluid
12
Q
transport fatty acids, steroid hormones, & thyroid hormones
A
albumins (osmotic)
13
Q
- immunoglobins
- transport globulins
A
globulins (defense)
14
Q
forms blood clots by converting to fibrin
- serum
- anticoagulants
A
fibrinogen (clotting)
15
Q
blood w/ clotting proteins removed
A
serum
16
Q
compounds that prevent fibrin formation
A
anticoagulants
17
Q
enzymes, proenzymes, hormones
A
other regulatory proteins (<1%)
18
Q
immunoglobulins
A
antibodies
19
Q
transport globulins
A
transport hormones, lipids, & ions
20
Q
% of blood sample volume made of erythrocytes
A
hematocrit
21
Q
- anemia
- blood loss
- micronutrient deficiency
- chronic infection
A
low hematocrit
22
Q
- dehydration
- polycythemia
- lung/heart disease
A
high hematocrit
23
Q
- biconcave disc
- anucleate
- no mitochondria
- lacks ER & ribosomes
- contain hemoglobin
A
erythrocytes (RBC)
24
Q
lifespan of RBC
A
120 days
25
____% of circulating erythrocytes are replaced daily
1
26
stacking of RBC
rouleaux formation
27
_____ is the respiratory pigment of RBCs
hemoglobin
28
where O2 & CO2 will bind to Hb
heme units
29
describes hemoglobin's lower affinity for oxygen secondary to increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and/or decreased blood pH. This lower affinity, in turn, enhances the unloading of oxygen into tissues to meet the oxygen demand of the tissue.
bohr effect
30
Hb in RBCs allows for a _____ concentration of CO2 & O2 in blood
higher
31
CO2 & O2 are also dissolved in plasma but at much ____ concentrations
lower
32
bohr effect:
_____ pH, Hb release O2
decreased
33
bohr effect:
_____ pH, Hb take up O2
increased
34
changes in Hb O2 affinity due to pH changes
bohr effect (definition)
35
0 to 6 (pH)
acids
36
7 (pH)
neutral (water)
37
8 to 14 (pH)
bases
38
pH= __ = __
pH = -log[H+] = log 1/[H+]
39
< 6.8 pH
death
40
6.8 - 7.35 pH
acidosis
41
7.35 - 7.45 pH
normal
42
7.45 - 7.8 pH
alkalosis
43
> 7.8 pH
death
44
_____ _____ maintain pH in normal range
homeostatic mechanisms
45
rapid pH regulation
- release CO2 &/or bind CO2 to Hb
respiratory & blood
46
slow pH regulation
- retain/release H+ & HCO3-
renal system
47
H2O + CO2 ⇆ H2CO3 ⇆ H+ + HCO3-
More acidic ---->
More basic <----
physiological buffering
48
- acidosis = too much CO2
- alkalosis = too little CO2
respiratory buffering
49
- acidosis = low pH & [HCO3-]
- alkalosis = high pH & [HCO3-]
metabolic buffering
50
H2CO3
carbonic acid
51
HCO3-
bicarbonate ion
52
genetically determined
- based on RBC surface antigen
- antibodies produced against non-self antigens
- donor/recipient compatibility
blood types
53
RBC have Rh surface antigens
Rh+
54
RBC lack Rh surface antigens
Rh-
55
____ ____ antibodies only produced when Rh- individuals are exposed to Rh antigens
anti Rh
56
___: universal donor; ___: universal recipient
O- ; AB+
57
RH antibodies produced if Rh- person exposed to Rh+ via:
- pregnancy (Rh- mother; Rh+ fetus)
- blood transfusion
58
- cross-reaction
- agglutination
- hemolysis
donor-recipient compatibility
59
when antibody meets specific antigen
cross-reaction
60
clumping of RBCs & antibodies
agglutination
61
rupturing of RBCs
hemolysis
62
white blood cells
- diapedesis
- chemotaxis
Leukocytes
63
leukocytes squeeze b/w endothelial cells to leave capillaries
diapedesis
64
chemical signals that attract leukocytes to infections
chemotaxis
65
lack cytoplasmic granules
agranulocytes
66
large cells; kidney-shaped nucleus
- use chemotaxis
- attract fibroblasts to encase pathogen in collagen
- produce scar tissue
monocytes
67
round nucleus; responsible for specific immunity
- primary cells of lymphatic system
- can differentiate into T cells, B cells, & NK cells
lymphocytes
68
enter tissues to directly attack pathogens
T cells
69
produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies
B cells
70
attack abnormal cells; immune surveillance
NK cells
71
have cytoplasmic granules
granulocytes
72
multilobed nucleus
- granules are vacuoles w/ lysosomal enzymes & bactericidal compounds
- phagocytotic
- short-lived; will secrete chemotaxic chemicals upon death
neutrophils
73
bilobed nucleus
- attack objects marked w/ antibodies
- involved w/ allergies &/or parasites
- secrete compounds that reduce inflammation
eosinophils
74
very high density of granules
- histamine
- heparin
basophils
75
dilate blood vessels to enable diapedesis
histamine
76
prevents blood clots
heparin
77
thrombocytes
platelets
78
thrombocytes are derived from __
megakaryocytes
79
fragment forming bits & pieces of membrane-enclosed packets of chemicals
megakaryocytes
80
blood clotting
hemostasis
81
thrombocytes release ____ & _____ to initiate clotting process
chemicals; enzymes
82
- in red marrow
- required vitamin B12, amino acids, & Fe
- erythropoietin (EPO)
erythropoiesis
83
glycoprotein hormone by kidneys & liver in response to low O2; hypoxia
- stimulates erythroblast & stem cell division rates
- speeds up Hb formation
erythropoietin (EPO)
84
differentiation of myeloid cells into leukocytes
- CSFs
leukopoiesis
85
hormones that stimulate leukocyte production
colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
86
differentiation of lymphoid cells into lymphocytes
lymphopoiesis
87
____ stem cells will also travel to peripheral lymphatic tissue
- thymus
- spleen
-lymph nodes
lymphoid
88
blood cell formation; red marrow; yellow marrow can be converted to red
hemopoiesis
89
low iron --> not enough hemoglobin = __
anemic
