LECTURE exam 3- ch. 20 Flashcards
- O2 & CO2
- nutrients
- metabolic wastes
- enzymes
- hormones
- leukocytes & antibodies
- toxins for neutralization or excretion
blood transport
- pH of interstitial fluid
- ions of interstitial fluid
blood regulates
- transport
- regulate
- reduce/stop body fluid loss from injury; clotting
- aid in temp regulation
functions of blood
- plasma
- buffy coat
- erythrocytes
blood composition
thrombocytes (platelets) & leukocytes (WBC)
buffy coat
outside of cells
- interstitial fluid
- plasma
- other fluid
extracellular fluid
fluid portion of blood
plasma (definition)
lymph, cerebrospinal, synovial, serous, etc.
other fluid
- albumins (60%)
- globulins (35%)
- fibrinogen (4%)
- regulatory proteins (< 1%)
plasma proteins
- higher O2
- lower CO2
-higher dissolved [protein]
plasma
- lower O2
- higher CO2
- lower dissolved [protein]
interstitial fluid
transport fatty acids, steroid hormones, & thyroid hormones
albumins (osmotic)
- immunoglobins
- transport globulins
globulins (defense)
forms blood clots by converting to fibrin
- serum
- anticoagulants
fibrinogen (clotting)
blood w/ clotting proteins removed
serum
compounds that prevent fibrin formation
anticoagulants
enzymes, proenzymes, hormones
other regulatory proteins (<1%)
immunoglobulins
antibodies
transport globulins
transport hormones, lipids, & ions
% of blood sample volume made of erythrocytes
hematocrit
- anemia
- blood loss
- micronutrient deficiency
- chronic infection
low hematocrit
- dehydration
- polycythemia
- lung/heart disease
high hematocrit
- biconcave disc
- anucleate
- no mitochondria
- lacks ER & ribosomes
- contain hemoglobin
erythrocytes (RBC)
lifespan of RBC
120 days
____% of circulating erythrocytes are replaced daily
1
stacking of RBC
rouleaux formation
_____ is the respiratory pigment of RBCs
hemoglobin
where O2 & CO2 will bind to Hb
heme units
describes hemoglobin’s lower affinity for oxygen secondary to increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and/or decreased blood pH. This lower affinity, in turn, enhances the unloading of oxygen into tissues to meet the oxygen demand of the tissue.
bohr effect
Hb in RBCs allows for a _____ concentration of CO2 & O2 in blood
higher
CO2 & O2 are also dissolved in plasma but at much ____ concentrations
lower
bohr effect:
_____ pH, Hb release O2
decreased
bohr effect:
_____ pH, Hb take up O2
increased
changes in Hb O2 affinity due to pH changes
bohr effect (definition)
0 to 6 (pH)
acids
7 (pH)
neutral (water)
8 to 14 (pH)
bases
pH= __ = __
pH = -log[H+] = log 1/[H+]
< 6.8 pH
death
6.8 - 7.35 pH
acidosis
7.35 - 7.45 pH
normal
7.45 - 7.8 pH
alkalosis
> 7.8 pH
death
_____ _____ maintain pH in normal range
homeostatic mechanisms
rapid pH regulation
- release CO2 &/or bind CO2 to Hb
respiratory & blood
slow pH regulation
- retain/release H+ & HCO3-
renal system
H2O + CO2 ⇆ H2CO3 ⇆ H+ + HCO3-
More acidic —->
More basic <—-
physiological buffering
- acidosis = too much CO2
- alkalosis = too little CO2
respiratory buffering
- acidosis = low pH & [HCO3-]
- alkalosis = high pH & [HCO3-]
metabolic buffering
H2CO3
carbonic acid
HCO3-
bicarbonate ion
genetically determined
- based on RBC surface antigen
- antibodies produced against non-self antigens
- donor/recipient compatibility
blood types
RBC have Rh surface antigens
Rh+
RBC lack Rh surface antigens
Rh-
____ ____ antibodies only produced when Rh- individuals are exposed to Rh antigens
anti Rh
___: universal donor; ___: universal recipient
O- ; AB+
RH antibodies produced if Rh- person exposed to Rh+ via:
- pregnancy (Rh- mother; Rh+ fetus)
- blood transfusion
- cross-reaction
- agglutination
- hemolysis
donor-recipient compatibility
when antibody meets specific antigen
cross-reaction
clumping of RBCs & antibodies
agglutination
rupturing of RBCs
hemolysis
white blood cells
- diapedesis
- chemotaxis
Leukocytes
leukocytes squeeze b/w endothelial cells to leave capillaries
diapedesis
chemical signals that attract leukocytes to infections
chemotaxis
lack cytoplasmic granules
agranulocytes
large cells; kidney-shaped nucleus
- use chemotaxis
- attract fibroblasts to encase pathogen in collagen
- produce scar tissue
monocytes
round nucleus; responsible for specific immunity
- primary cells of lymphatic system
- can differentiate into T cells, B cells, & NK cells
lymphocytes
enter tissues to directly attack pathogens
T cells
produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies
B cells
attack abnormal cells; immune surveillance
NK cells
have cytoplasmic granules
granulocytes
multilobed nucleus
- granules are vacuoles w/ lysosomal enzymes & bactericidal compounds
- phagocytotic
- short-lived; will secrete chemotaxic chemicals upon death
neutrophils
bilobed nucleus
- attack objects marked w/ antibodies
- involved w/ allergies &/or parasites
- secrete compounds that reduce inflammation
eosinophils
very high density of granules
- histamine
- heparin
basophils
dilate blood vessels to enable diapedesis
histamine
prevents blood clots
heparin
thrombocytes
platelets
thrombocytes are derived from __
megakaryocytes
fragment forming bits & pieces of membrane-enclosed packets of chemicals
megakaryocytes
blood clotting
hemostasis
thrombocytes release ____ & _____ to initiate clotting process
chemicals; enzymes
- in red marrow
- required vitamin B12, amino acids, & Fe
- erythropoietin (EPO)
erythropoiesis
glycoprotein hormone by kidneys & liver in response to low O2; hypoxia
- stimulates erythroblast & stem cell division rates
- speeds up Hb formation
erythropoietin (EPO)
differentiation of myeloid cells into leukocytes
- CSFs
leukopoiesis
hormones that stimulate leukocyte production
colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
differentiation of lymphoid cells into lymphocytes
lymphopoiesis
____ stem cells will also travel to peripheral lymphatic tissue
- thymus
- spleen
-lymph nodes
lymphoid
blood cell formation; red marrow; yellow marrow can be converted to red
hemopoiesis
low iron –> not enough hemoglobin = __
anemic
