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ANATOMY > Anatomy lecture- Exam 1 (Ch. 1) > Flashcards

Anatomy lecture- Exam 1 (Ch. 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology: the study of cells
Histology: the study of tissues

A

microscopic anatomy

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2
Q

study of structures visible to the unaided eye

A

gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

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3
Q

refers to the superficial anatomical markings & relationship to deeper structures

A

surface anatomy

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4
Q

changes that occur during illnesses

A

clinical anatomy

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5
Q

studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures

A

surgical anatomy

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6
Q

traces structural changes that occur in the body over time

A

developmental anatomy

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7
Q

anatomical similarities & differences between types of animals typically vertebrates

A

comparative anatomy

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8
Q

shared derived traits; all members of a group have that trait

A

synapomorphies

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9
Q
  • dorsal hallow nerve cord
  • notochord
  • post-anal tail
  • pharyngeal arches
  • braincase
A

vertebrate synapomorphies

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10
Q

4 elements of the body

A

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen

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11
Q

molecular composition

A

water (66%), proteins (20%), lipids (10%), carbohydrates (3%), other (1%)

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12
Q

smallest living unit; have organelles

A

cellular level

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13
Q

cells & some surrounding material

A

tissue level

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14
Q

combination of tissues

A

organ level

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15
Q

combination of various organs
(heart & blood vessels = cardiovascular system)

A

organ system level

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16
Q

(1) order
(2) regulation
(3) growth and development
(4) energy processing
(5) response to the environment
(6) reproduction
(7) evolutionary adaptation

A

characteristics of life

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17
Q

internal and external; respond to changes via acute or chronic adjustments; homeostasis

A

responsiveness

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18
Q

increase in size of cells

A

hypertrophy

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19
Q

increase in number of cells

A

hyperplasia

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20
Q

cells with particular functions

A

differentiation

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21
Q

anabolism, catabolism, absorption, respiration, excretion

A

metabolism & excretion: chemical reactions

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22
Q

synthesis of complex molecules

A

anabolism

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23
Q

breakdown of complex molecules

A

catabolism

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24
Q

process of bringing material into body

A

absorption

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25
Q

absorption, transport & use of oxygen

A

respiration

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26
Q

removal of waste, CO2, excess ions

A

excretion

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27
Q

protects against the external environment

A

integumentary system- primary homeostatic function

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28
Q

thermoregulation & sensory

A

integumentary system- secondary homeostatic function

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29
Q

covers surface; protects deeper tissues

A

epidermis (skin)

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30
Q

nourishes epidermis; provides strength; contains glands

A

dermis (skin)

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31
Q

secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis

A

sebaceous glands

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32
Q

produce perspiration for evaporative cooling

A

sweat glands

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33
Q

provide sensations of touch, pressure, temperature and pain

A

sensory receptors

34
Q

stores lipids; attaches skin to deeper structures

A

subcutaneous layer

35
Q

support & protection

A

Skeletal system- primary homeostatic function

36
Q

immunity, storage of Ca++, & feeding

A

skeletal system- secondary homeostatic function

37
Q

connects bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage

A

ligaments

38
Q

locomotion

A

muscular system- primary homeostatic function

39
Q

thermoregulation & storage of amino acids

A

muscular system- secondary homeostatic function

40
Q

transmit the contractile forces of skeletal muscle to bone in order to move

A

tendons & aponeuroses

41
Q

relays/processes info for homeostasis & senses

A

nervous system- primary homeostatic function

42
Q

hormones

what system & function

A

nervous system- secondary homeostatic function

43
Q

control center; process info; short-term control over activities of other systems

A

central nervous system (CNS)

44
Q

links CNS with other systems & with sense organs

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

45
Q

allows for reproduction

A

endocrine system- secondary homeostatic function

46
Q

chronic homeostasis

A

endocrine system- primary homeostatic function

47
Q

may control the timing of reproduction and set day-night rhythms

A

pineal gland

48
Q

controls over endocrine glands; regulates growth and fluid balance

A

pituitary gland

49
Q

controls tissue metabolic rate; regulates calcium levels

A

thyroid gland

50
Q

control red blood cell production and elevate blood pressure

A

kidneys

51
Q

regulates blood glucose levels

A

pancreas

52
Q

transport of gasses & nutrients

A

cardiovascular system- primary homeostatic function

53
Q

thermoregulation, pH balance, immune function & endocrine function

A

cardiovascular system- secondary homeostatic function

54
Q

carry blood from the heart to capillaries

A

arteries

55
Q

permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids

A

capillaries

56
Q

return blood from capillaries to the heart

A

veins

57
Q

transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood cells; delivers nutrients & hormones; removes wastes; assists in temperature regulation and defense against disease

A

blood

58
Q

immune function & water balance

A

lymphatic system- primary homeostatic function

59
Q

aids in absorption of nutrients

A

lymphatic system- secondary homeostatic function

60
Q

gas exchange & pH balance

A

respiratory system- primary homeostatic function

61
Q

water balance

A

respiratory system- secondary homeostatic function

62
Q

digestion & absorption of nutrients; water absorption

A

digestive system- primary homeostatic function

63
Q

removes waste from blood & immune functions

A

digestive system- secondary homeostatic function

64
Q

secretes digestive enzymes, buffers, and hormones; adsorbs nutrients

A

small intestine

65
Q

secretes bile; regulates nutrient composition of blood

A

liver

66
Q

stores and concentrates bile for release into the small intestine

A

gallbladder

67
Q

secretes digestive enzymes and buffers; contains endocrine cells

A

pancreas

68
Q

removes water from fecal materials; stores wastes

A

large intestine

69
Q

provide buffers & lubrication; produce enzymes that begin digestion

A

salivary glands

70
Q

filters blood of excess, waste, ions & solutes; pH & water balance

A

Urinary system- primary homeostatic function

71
Q

endocrine function

A

Urinary system- secondary homeostatic function

72
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

reproductive system- secondary homeostatic function

73
Q

sUPine

A

laying face UP

74
Q

prone

A

laying face down

75
Q

The portion of the ventral cavity that surrounds and protects the heart and lungs (pleural cavity, mediastinum, pericardial cavity)

A

thoracic cavity

76
Q

contains the peritoneal cavity: abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity

A

abdominopelvic cavity

77
Q

provide lubrication to organs

A

serous membranes

78
Q

serous membranes in pleural cavity incules

A

visceral pleura (contact w/ lungs; organ) & parietal pleura (lines cavity)

79
Q

serous membranes in pericardial cavity

A

visceral layer of the serous pericardium (heart) & parietal layer of the serous pericardium (lines cavity)

80
Q

serous membranes in peritoneal cavity

A

visceral peritoneum (abdominal organs) & parietal peritoneum (lines cavity)
- mesentries - double sheets of peritoneum

ANATOMY (24 decks)

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