Anatomy lecture- Exam 1 (Ch. 1) Flashcards
Cytology: the study of cells
Histology: the study of tissues
microscopic anatomy
study of structures visible to the unaided eye
gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)
refers to the superficial anatomical markings & relationship to deeper structures
surface anatomy
changes that occur during illnesses
clinical anatomy
studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures
surgical anatomy
traces structural changes that occur in the body over time
developmental anatomy
anatomical similarities & differences between types of animals typically vertebrates
comparative anatomy
shared derived traits; all members of a group have that trait
synapomorphies
- dorsal hallow nerve cord
- notochord
- post-anal tail
- pharyngeal arches
- braincase
vertebrate synapomorphies
4 elements of the body
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen
molecular composition
water (66%), proteins (20%), lipids (10%), carbohydrates (3%), other (1%)
smallest living unit; have organelles
cellular level
cells & some surrounding material
tissue level
combination of tissues
organ level
combination of various organs
(heart & blood vessels = cardiovascular system)
organ system level
(1) order
(2) regulation
(3) growth and development
(4) energy processing
(5) response to the environment
(6) reproduction
(7) evolutionary adaptation
characteristics of life
internal and external; respond to changes via acute or chronic adjustments; homeostasis
responsiveness
increase in size of cells
hypertrophy
increase in number of cells
hyperplasia
cells with particular functions
differentiation
anabolism, catabolism, absorption, respiration, excretion
metabolism & excretion: chemical reactions
synthesis of complex molecules
anabolism
breakdown of complex molecules
catabolism
process of bringing material into body
absorption
absorption, transport & use of oxygen
respiration
removal of waste, CO2, excess ions
excretion
protects against the external environment
integumentary system- primary homeostatic function
thermoregulation & sensory
integumentary system- secondary homeostatic function
covers surface; protects deeper tissues
epidermis (skin)
nourishes epidermis; provides strength; contains glands
dermis (skin)
secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
sebaceous glands
produce perspiration for evaporative cooling
sweat glands
provide sensations of touch, pressure, temperature and pain
sensory receptors
stores lipids; attaches skin to deeper structures
subcutaneous layer
support & protection
Skeletal system- primary homeostatic function
immunity, storage of Ca++, & feeding
skeletal system- secondary homeostatic function
connects bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage
ligaments
locomotion
muscular system- primary homeostatic function
thermoregulation & storage of amino acids
muscular system- secondary homeostatic function
transmit the contractile forces of skeletal muscle to bone in order to move
tendons & aponeuroses
relays/processes info for homeostasis & senses
nervous system- primary homeostatic function
hormones
what system & function
nervous system- secondary homeostatic function
control center; process info; short-term control over activities of other systems
central nervous system (CNS)
links CNS with other systems & with sense organs
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
allows for reproduction
endocrine system- secondary homeostatic function
chronic homeostasis
endocrine system- primary homeostatic function
may control the timing of reproduction and set day-night rhythms
pineal gland
controls over endocrine glands; regulates growth and fluid balance
pituitary gland
controls tissue metabolic rate; regulates calcium levels
thyroid gland
control red blood cell production and elevate blood pressure
kidneys
regulates blood glucose levels
pancreas
transport of gasses & nutrients
cardiovascular system- primary homeostatic function
thermoregulation, pH balance, immune function & endocrine function
cardiovascular system- secondary homeostatic function
carry blood from the heart to capillaries
arteries
permit diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
capillaries
return blood from capillaries to the heart
veins
transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood cells; delivers nutrients & hormones; removes wastes; assists in temperature regulation and defense against disease
blood
immune function & water balance
lymphatic system- primary homeostatic function
aids in absorption of nutrients
lymphatic system- secondary homeostatic function
gas exchange & pH balance
respiratory system- primary homeostatic function
water balance
respiratory system- secondary homeostatic function
digestion & absorption of nutrients; water absorption
digestive system- primary homeostatic function
removes waste from blood & immune functions
digestive system- secondary homeostatic function
secretes digestive enzymes, buffers, and hormones; adsorbs nutrients
small intestine
secretes bile; regulates nutrient composition of blood
liver
stores and concentrates bile for release into the small intestine
gallbladder
secretes digestive enzymes and buffers; contains endocrine cells
pancreas
removes water from fecal materials; stores wastes
large intestine
provide buffers & lubrication; produce enzymes that begin digestion
salivary glands
filters blood of excess, waste, ions & solutes; pH & water balance
Urinary system- primary homeostatic function
endocrine function
Urinary system- secondary homeostatic function
secondary sex characteristics
reproductive system- secondary homeostatic function
sUPine
laying face UP
prone
laying face down
The portion of the ventral cavity that surrounds and protects the heart and lungs (pleural cavity, mediastinum, pericardial cavity)
thoracic cavity
contains the peritoneal cavity: abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
provide lubrication to organs
serous membranes
serous membranes in pleural cavity incules
visceral pleura (contact w/ lungs; organ) & parietal pleura (lines cavity)
serous membranes in pericardial cavity
visceral layer of the serous pericardium (heart) & parietal layer of the serous pericardium (lines cavity)
serous membranes in peritoneal cavity
visceral peritoneum (abdominal organs) & parietal peritoneum (lines cavity)
- mesentries - double sheets of peritoneum