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ANATOMY > anatomy lecture- exam 1 (ch.4) > Flashcards

anatomy lecture- exam 1 (ch.4) Flashcards

1
Q
  • most visible & largest organ system
  • synthesize D3
  • thermoregulation
  • excretes some waste products
  • sense stimuli: temp, pressure, touch & pain
A

skin

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2
Q

integumentary system is composed of:

A
  • skin
  • hair
  • nails
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous glands
  • mammary glands
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3
Q
  • epidermis
  • dermis (papillary layer & reticular layer)
A

cutaneous membrane

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4
Q
  • nourishes & supports epidermis
  • forms dermal papillae
  • loose connective tissue + capillaries + neuron axons
  • attches to epidermis
A

papillary layer (dermis)

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5
Q
  • attaches skin to deeper tissues
  • sensory receptors
  • blood vessels assist in thermoregulation
  • dense irregular connective tissue proper
  • hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
A

reticular layer (dermis)

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6
Q
  • protects dermis from trauma & chemicals
  • controls permeability & prevents water loss
  • synthesizes vitamin D3
A

epidermis

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7
Q
  • keratinocytes
  • malanocytes
  • merkel cells
  • langerhans cells
A

cellular composition of epidermis

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8
Q
  • most common cell
  • produce keratin, die, become outer layer
A

keratinocytes

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9
Q
  • pigment cells
  • produce melanin (determines skin color according to genes)
A

melanocytes

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10
Q
  • sensory cells ; touch
A

merkel cells

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11
Q
  • wandering macrophages
    -patrol for pathogens & engulf them
A

langerhans cells

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12
Q

found on palms of hands and soles of feet
- offers extra protection w/ special stratum lucidum

A

thick skin

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13
Q

found everywhere in the body

A

thin skin

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14
Q
  • deepest layer, attachment to basal lamina
  • basal (stem cells), merkel cells, melanocytes
  • single layer of cells
A

stratum basale

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15
Q
  • keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans
  • multiple layers of cells
  • becomes flatter & thinner as you go up
A

stratum spinosum

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16
Q
  • last layer where cells have nuclei & is a living cell
  • Keratinocytes start making keratin & keratohyalin
  • callouses formation
A

stratum granulosum

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17
Q

appears as a glassy layer in THICK skin ONLY
- stacks of dead cells
- high amounts of keratin
- cells lack organelles & nuclei

A

stratum lucidum

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18
Q

outermost layer
- layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes maintained by glandular secretions (sebaceous & sweat glands)

A

stratum corneum

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19
Q

touch sensors

A

merkel cells

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20
Q

become keratinocytes

A

basal cells

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21
Q

trigger immune response

A

langerhans

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22
Q

unique wavy pattern formed by papillary layer that increases surface area and creates more structural integrity via points of attachment

A

epidermal ridges

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23
Q

skin color: thickness of stratum corneum; thick skin Is ___ in color

A

lighter

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24
Q
  • blushing, overheating: red color hemoglobin
  • pallor: anemia, drop in BP
  • bruise: hematoma in skin
A

dermal blood supply

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25
Q

yellow-orange pigment from diet, can be converted into vitamin A

A

carotene

26
Q

brown, yellow-brown, black pigment
- produced by melanocytes
- synthesized/ stored in melanosome
- moles: overgrowth of melanocytes
- albino: doesn’t produce melanin
- freckles: aggregations of melanin

A

melanin

27
Q
  • needed for vitamin D synthesis
  • can damage cells
A

ultra violet (UV) radiation

28
Q

provide tensile strength

A

collagen fibers

29
Q

allow skin to stretch & recoil

A

elastic fibers

30
Q

reticular fibers break due to pregnancy or weight gain
- skin doesn’t recoil, instead creases/ wrinkles

A

tension lines

31
Q
  • (subcutaneous) layer is deep to dermis
  • helps stabilize integument
A

hypodermis

32
Q

hypodermis consists of

A

adipose tissue (primary component) & major blood vessels

33
Q
  • hair follicles
  • exocrine glands
  • nails
  • mammary glands
  • ceruminous glands
A

accessory structures

34
Q
  • cutaneous plexus: main arteries & veins
  • subpapillary plexus: smaller blood vessels
  • blood flow regulated- thermoregulation & flow to other tissues of body
  • lymph vessels
A

blood vessels

35
Q
  • controls blood flow to the skin
  • adjusts gland secretion rates
  • monitors sensory receptors
A

nerve fibers

36
Q
  • tactile corpuscles: light touch
  • Ruffini corpuscles: stretch receptors
  • lamellar corpuscles: deep pressure & vibration receptors
A

receptors for nerve fibers

37
Q

hair follicles & hair are found everywhere except

A
  • palms
  • soles of feet
  • sides of fingers & toes
    -lips
38
Q

nonliving, visible portion of hair
- medulla: soft keratin
- cortex: hard keratin
- cuticle: outer layer

A

hair shaft

39
Q

portion of hair in follicle being formed; anchors hair

A

hair root

40
Q

organs that form hair

A

hair follicle

41
Q

nerve & blood supply; supports matrix

A

hair papilla

42
Q

basal cells that divide to become hair

A

hair matrix

43
Q
  • protection from UV light
  • insulation
  • guards entrance to nose & ears
  • when touched, hair sends signals via root hair plexus
  • contraction of arrector pili muscles; goose bumps
A

functions of hair

44
Q
  • vellus
  • terminal
  • color
  • shape
A

types of hair

45
Q

hair that covers most of the body; lacks a medulla

A

vellus

46
Q

hair that is found on the head, eyebrows & eyelashes

A

terminal

47
Q
  • more melanin: darker hair
  • decreased production: gray hair
  • white hair: lack of melanin in hair shaft
  • influenced by: genetics / hormones / environmental factors
A

hair color

48
Q

based on follicle shape
- straight: round follicle
- curly: flattened/ kidney bean follicle

A

hair shape

49
Q

active stage (2-5 years)- hair grows 0.33 mm/daily

A

growth/ replacement of hair

50
Q
  • hair loses its attachment to follicle
  • hair becomes a club hair
  • male pattern baldness: changes in sex hormones
A

resting stage

51
Q

sebaceous gland & sweat gland

A

glands in skin

52
Q

apocrine glands & eccrine sweat glands

A

mechanism of sweat glands

53
Q

ceruminous gland & mammary glands

A

special apocrine glands

54
Q
  • make sebum
    -sebum: lipid mixture
  • secrete oily lipid (sebum) that coats the hair shaft & epidermis
  • lubricate epidermis
  • inhibit bacterial growth
  • holocrine secretion
A

sebaceous glands

55
Q

if ducts of sebaceous glands become blocked:

A

acne may occur & furuncles may develop

56
Q

large sebaceous glands; no hair (shaft)

A

sebaceous follicles

57
Q

make sweat

  • sweat: aids in thermoregulation & water excretion of salts, N waste & some metabolites
  • found all over the body
  • high concentrations on palms & soles
  • eccrine secretion
A

eccrine sweat glands

58
Q

active at puberty

  • high density in armpit & areola
  • produce odorous secretion
  • secretions can contain pheromones
  • eccrine secretion
A

apocrine glands

59
Q
  • produce milk under control of hormones from pituitary gland
  • apocrine secretion
A

mammary glands

60
Q
  • found only in ear canal
  • produce cerumen in conjunction w/ sebaceous glands
  • provide minimal physical protection to ear drum
A

ceruminous glands

61
Q
  • provides protection for distal-most phalanges
  • made of keratin
A

nails

ANATOMY (24 decks)

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