anatomy lecture- exam 1 (ch.4) Flashcards
1
Q
- most visible & largest organ system
- synthesize D3
- thermoregulation
- excretes some waste products
- sense stimuli: temp, pressure, touch & pain
A
skin
2
Q
integumentary system is composed of:
A
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sweat glands
- sebaceous glands
- mammary glands
3
Q
- epidermis
- dermis (papillary layer & reticular layer)
A
cutaneous membrane
4
Q
- nourishes & supports epidermis
- forms dermal papillae
- loose connective tissue + capillaries + neuron axons
- attches to epidermis
A
papillary layer (dermis)
5
Q
- attaches skin to deeper tissues
- sensory receptors
- blood vessels assist in thermoregulation
- dense irregular connective tissue proper
- hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
A
reticular layer (dermis)
6
Q
- protects dermis from trauma & chemicals
- controls permeability & prevents water loss
- synthesizes vitamin D3
A
epidermis
7
Q
- keratinocytes
- malanocytes
- merkel cells
- langerhans cells
A
cellular composition of epidermis
8
Q
- most common cell
- produce keratin, die, become outer layer
A
keratinocytes
9
Q
- pigment cells
- produce melanin (determines skin color according to genes)
A
melanocytes
10
Q
- sensory cells ; touch
A
merkel cells
11
Q
- wandering macrophages
-patrol for pathogens & engulf them
A
langerhans cells
12
Q
found on palms of hands and soles of feet
- offers extra protection w/ special stratum lucidum
A
thick skin
13
Q
found everywhere in the body
A
thin skin
14
Q
- deepest layer, attachment to basal lamina
- basal (stem cells), merkel cells, melanocytes
- single layer of cells
A
stratum basale
15
Q
- keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans
- multiple layers of cells
- becomes flatter & thinner as you go up
A
stratum spinosum
16
Q
- last layer where cells have nuclei & is a living cell
- Keratinocytes start making keratin & keratohyalin
- callouses formation
A
stratum granulosum
17
Q
appears as a glassy layer in THICK skin ONLY
- stacks of dead cells
- high amounts of keratin
- cells lack organelles & nuclei
A
stratum lucidum
18
Q
outermost layer
- layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes maintained by glandular secretions (sebaceous & sweat glands)
A
stratum corneum
19
Q
touch sensors
A
merkel cells
20
Q
become keratinocytes
A
basal cells
21
Q
trigger immune response
A
langerhans
22
Q
unique wavy pattern formed by papillary layer that increases surface area and creates more structural integrity via points of attachment
A
epidermal ridges
23
Q
skin color: thickness of stratum corneum; thick skin Is ___ in color
A
lighter
24
Q
- blushing, overheating: red color hemoglobin
- pallor: anemia, drop in BP
- bruise: hematoma in skin
A
dermal blood supply
25
yellow-orange pigment from diet, can be converted into vitamin A
carotene
26
brown, yellow-brown, black pigment
- produced by melanocytes
- synthesized/ stored in melanosome
- moles: overgrowth of melanocytes
- albino: doesn't produce melanin
- freckles: aggregations of melanin
melanin
27
- needed for vitamin D synthesis
- can damage cells
ultra violet (UV) radiation
28
provide tensile strength
collagen fibers
29
allow skin to stretch & recoil
elastic fibers
30
reticular fibers break due to pregnancy or weight gain
- skin doesn't recoil, instead creases/ wrinkles
tension lines
31
- (subcutaneous) layer is deep to dermis
- helps stabilize integument
hypodermis
32
hypodermis consists of
adipose tissue (primary component) & major blood vessels
33
- hair follicles
- exocrine glands
- nails
- mammary glands
- ceruminous glands
accessory structures
34
- cutaneous plexus: main arteries & veins
- subpapillary plexus: smaller blood vessels
- blood flow regulated- thermoregulation & flow to other tissues of body
- lymph vessels
blood vessels
35
- controls blood flow to the skin
- adjusts gland secretion rates
- monitors sensory receptors
nerve fibers
36
- tactile corpuscles: light touch
- Ruffini corpuscles: stretch receptors
- lamellar corpuscles: deep pressure & vibration receptors
receptors for nerve fibers
37
hair follicles & hair are found everywhere except
- palms
- soles of feet
- sides of fingers & toes
-lips
38
nonliving, visible portion of hair
- medulla: soft keratin
- cortex: hard keratin
- cuticle: outer layer
hair shaft
39
portion of hair in follicle being formed; anchors hair
hair root
40
organs that form hair
hair follicle
41
nerve & blood supply; supports matrix
hair papilla
42
basal cells that divide to become hair
hair matrix
43
- protection from UV light
- insulation
- guards entrance to nose & ears
- when touched, hair sends signals via root hair plexus
- contraction of arrector pili muscles; goose bumps
functions of hair
44
- vellus
- terminal
- color
- shape
types of hair
45
hair that covers most of the body; lacks a medulla
vellus
46
hair that is found on the head, eyebrows & eyelashes
terminal
47
- more melanin: darker hair
- decreased production: gray hair
- white hair: lack of melanin in hair shaft
- influenced by: genetics / hormones / environmental factors
hair color
48
based on follicle shape
- straight: round follicle
- curly: flattened/ kidney bean follicle
hair shape
49
active stage (2-5 years)- hair grows 0.33 mm/daily
growth/ replacement of hair
50
- hair loses its attachment to follicle
- hair becomes a club hair
- male pattern baldness: changes in sex hormones
resting stage
51
sebaceous gland & sweat gland
glands in skin
52
apocrine glands & eccrine sweat glands
mechanism of sweat glands
53
ceruminous gland & mammary glands
special apocrine glands
54
- make sebum
-sebum: lipid mixture
- secrete oily lipid (sebum) that coats the hair shaft & epidermis
- lubricate epidermis
- inhibit bacterial growth
- holocrine secretion
sebaceous glands
55
if ducts of sebaceous glands become blocked:
acne may occur & furuncles may develop
56
large sebaceous glands; no hair (shaft)
sebaceous follicles
57
make sweat
- sweat: aids in thermoregulation & water excretion of salts, N waste & some metabolites
- found all over the body
- high concentrations on palms & soles
- eccrine secretion
eccrine sweat glands
58
active at puberty
- high density in armpit & areola
- produce odorous secretion
- secretions can contain pheromones
- eccrine secretion
apocrine glands
59
- produce milk under control of hormones from pituitary gland
- apocrine secretion
mammary glands
60
- found only in ear canal
- produce cerumen in conjunction w/ sebaceous glands
- provide minimal physical protection to ear drum
ceruminous glands
61
- provides protection for distal-most phalanges
- made of keratin
nails
