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Histology > Lecture 9 -Nervous > Flashcards

Lecture 9 -Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

2 core divisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what makes up the central nervous system and what is it derived from?

A

brain and spinal cord. derived from the neural tube

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3
Q

what makes up the peripheral nervous system and what is it derived from?

A

all nervous tissues outside of the CNS. Derived from neural crest cells

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4
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of nerve cells?

A

Irritability (speed of response), conductivity (transmit a response), and secretion (neurotransmitters)

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5
Q

Glial cells

A

support and protect neurons. Formed from monocytes.

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6
Q

Afferent system

A

receive and transmit information from the environment to the CNS

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7
Q

Efferent system

A

Transmits info from the CNS to the periphery (exiting from the CNS)

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8
Q

3 main types of neurons

A

bipolar, multipolar, and pseudounipolar

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9
Q

Most common type of neuron

A

multipolar

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10
Q

Bipolar

A

two dendrites, found in retina, cochlear, and olfactory

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11
Q

Multipolar

A

Lots of dendrites. Most commonly found

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12
Q

Pseudounipolar

A

Cell body is down the axon terminal. Found in long neurons, such as the dorsal root ganglia.

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13
Q

Afferent neurons primarily are what type of neuron?

A

Pseudounipolar

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14
Q

Somatic vs autonomic

A

somatic: voluntary muscles
autonomic: involuntary smooth muscles (both parasympathetic and sympathetic)

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

coordinate all neural activities and consist of mostly multipolar neurons.

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16
Q

Myelinated neurons in PNS

A

myelin sheath formed by schwann’s cells (roll themselves around the axons).

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17
Q

Myelinated neurons in CNS

A

myelination formed by glial cells or oliogodenrocytes

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18
Q

Non-myelinated neurons

A

Also have schwann cells present but do not roll around axons. Primarily used for support

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19
Q

Cholinergic neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine. Most efferent nerves

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20
Q

Adrenergic neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

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21
Q

Perikaryon

A

cell body around the nucleus

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22
Q

Dendrite

A

short processes that receive the stimuli. Lack golgi.

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23
Q

Synapse

A

connection of the dendrite

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24
Q

Collateral branch

A

when some of the axons get branched. Have terminals which make the connection with the next cell

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25
Q

Nissil bodies

A

regions of RER in cell body and dendrite . basophilic stain.

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26
Q

Axons contain what type of filaments?

A

Microtubules. Which allow for transport of proteins and other cellular contents

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27
Q

Lipofuscin

A

residual bodies left over from lysosomal digestion

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28
Q

Main cytoskeleton support in perikaryon?

A

Neurofilaments

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29
Q

Axon hillock

A

area where the coordination preparation occurs for the action. No nissil bodies. initial site of microtubule bundling

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30
Q

Initial segment of axon

A

nonmyelinated. site of neuron where stimulus is integrated. Lots of mitochondria

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31
Q

axoplasm

A

cytoplasm material in the axon. Allows for electric current to pass through it. Thus low protein content and high ion content

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32
Q

Anterograde protein vs Retrograde protein

A

Anterograde - kinesin

Retrograde - dynein (REaDY)

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33
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Kinesin. slow stream: axon growth (1-4 mm/day)

fast stream: neurotransmitter transmission (50-400 mm/day)

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34
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Dynein. Intermediate stream: salvage pathway (10-100 mm/day)

Transports cytoskeletal components

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35
Q

3 types of synapses

A

chemical, electrical, and mixed

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36
Q

Chemical synapse

A

secreted neurotransmitters binding to the receptors with a certain space in between the membranes. Arrival of nerve impuse cuases an influx of Ca into the axon terminal, which causes an exocytosis of transmitter.

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37
Q

Electrical synapse

A

much smaller space between the membranes (gap junction) via connexins.

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38
Q

Adrenaline secreted into cleft

A

sympathetic

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39
Q

Acetylcholine secreted into cleft

A

parasympathetic

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40
Q

4 types of synapses

A

axon-dendritic
axo-somatic
dendro-dendritic
axo-axonic

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41
Q

presynaptic cells will contain lots of what?

A

vesicles

42
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

3 sodium out, 2 potassium in (3N, 2K). More positive outside of cell and more negative inside the cell. ATP dependent.

43
Q

Ion channels different types

A

resting channel, voltage gated channel, ligand gated channel, and signal gated channel

44
Q

Resting channel

A

always open

45
Q

Voltage gated channel

A

opens in response to electrical change in the membrane potential

46
Q

Ligand gated channel

A

opens in response to a specific extracellular signal

47
Q

signal gated channel

A

opens or closes in response to a specific intracellular signal

48
Q

Resting potential

A

more K leak channels are open compared to Na channels. -70 mV (small K oustide and large Na concentration). Pumping 3 Na out and 2 K in, will continue the gradient.

49
Q

Action potential

A

maximum value of +30mV (thus a 100mV difference). Occurs from depolarization as sodium enters into the cell.

50
Q

Repolarization

A

potassium leaves the cell and will overshoot, causing a hyperpolarization. Sodium channels are inactivated

51
Q

Depolarization

A

sodium enters into the cell through open channels

52
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

space between cells that are left unmyelinated. Where sodium channels are exposed and thus allow for the start of an action potential. (saltatory conduction)

53
Q

Purpose of myelination

A

to insulate the action potential from electrical changes that occur outside the cell.

54
Q

3 key players in CNS

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, and the spinal cord

55
Q

Cerebrum

A

controls thinking and speaking. largest portion

56
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outside layer of the cerebrum, composed of primarily gray matter

57
Q

Basal ganlia

A

base of cerebrum. controls and synchronizes movements.

58
Q

Amygdala

A

memory and emotional behavior

59
Q

Hippocampus

A

transfer short term memory into long term memory

60
Q

Cerebellum

A

occipital region of the brain. Coordination of movement, motions, reflexes, and balance

61
Q

Midbrain

A

between the cerebrum and cerebellum. Involved in hearing and sight reflexes

62
Q

brain stem

A

consists of the midbrain, medulla, and pons

63
Q

Pons

A

in the brain stem. responsible for REM sleep

64
Q

Medulla

A

at the base of the brain. regulates heart rate, breathing, and digestion

65
Q

Gray matter of spinal cord

A

non myelinated neurons. Cell bodies, perikaryons and glial cells. H in the spinal cord.

66
Q

white matter of spinal cord

A

primarily glial cells and nerve fibers, no neuron cell types. contains myelinated neurons (tracts).

67
Q

Cortical gray matter

A

Neurons and glial cells (outside of the brain) and nerve fibers

68
Q

Medullary white matter

A

nerve fibers and glial cells (inside of the brain)

69
Q

2 layers of cerebrum

A

superficial layer and pyramidal layer

70
Q

Superficial layer

A

comprised of a few cells, mostly axons

71
Q

Pyramidal layer

A

axons can reach deep into cortical layers or white matter. some extend into spinal motor neurons.

72
Q

Cerebellum’s grey matter

A

composed of cell bodies and nerve fibers. found on the outside.

73
Q

3 layers of cerebellum’s grey matter

A

Molecular layer: unmyelinated fibers, few perikaryons
GL/Purkinje cell layer: large cells’ dendrites penetrate ML
GrL/Inner granular layer: Packed with small multipolar neurons

74
Q

4 types of glial cells

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

75
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

similar to schwann cells, can roll around the axons in the CNS. Can wrap around multiple axons. Myelination is not complete at birth, but takes place during development. Slow cell division.

76
Q

Astrocytes

A

found between tracts of axons and dendrites. Provide protection and contribute to the removal of some of the residues. Take up K+

77
Q

Microglia

A

have lots of processes, could be stimulated to have an immune response upon injury

78
Q

Ependymal cells

A

lining certain components of the CNS and secrete the CSF (mostly pseudostratified columnar epithelia) Cilia keep the CSF moving.

79
Q

Function of glial cells

A

sustain neurons physically, metabolically, and help regulate ionic concentrations in the extracellular space.

80
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

always only in the white matter

81
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes

A

only in the gray matter. Fewer filaments and processes.

82
Q

3 parts of Meninges and the overall function

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, and Pia mater. Provide cushioning for the skull

83
Q

Dura mater

A

very dense CT, connected to periosteum of cranial bones by loose CT. Well vascularized

84
Q

Arachnoid membranes

A

Middle layer that makes up trabeculae. filled with CSF and loosely conforms to brain folds.

85
Q

Pia mater

A

Inner most layer. Collagen fibers covered with squamous epithelial cells. Follow the blood vessels

86
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

limit access of lipid soluble material from blood to brain and spinal chord.

87
Q

CSF

A

extra layer of protection for the brain. If too dense (hydrocephalus) the brain could swell.

88
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia

A

afferent neuron collection. located in the posterior. primarily pseudounipolar.

89
Q

Autonomic ganglia

A

collections of efferent neurons. Contain multipolar neurons.

90
Q

3 layers of CT coverings

A

Epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

91
Q

Epineurium

A

outer most cover

92
Q

Perineurium

A

directly covers bundles of nerves

93
Q

Endoneurium

A

vascularized loose CT between individual fibers

94
Q

Chromatolysis

A

nissil bodies dissolve and begin regeneration of damaged cells. First step in regeneration

95
Q

Steps of regeneration of nerve fibers

A

Perikaryon changes, schwann cells start proliferation, perikaryon returns to normality, nerve fiber penetrates schwann cell column

96
Q

Parasympathetic branches from what area of spinal cord

A

thoracic and lumbar

97
Q

Sympathetic branches from what area of spinal cord

A

sacral and cranial

98
Q

Paravertebral ganglia

A

located outside spinal column antero-laterally extending from cervial to sacral regions. primarily sympathetic preganglionic axonal endings and postganglionic cell bodies

99
Q

prevertebral ganglia

A

in abdomen. Meeting of preganglion sympathetic axons and postganglionic neurons

100
Q

Terminal ganglia

A

located near the organs to be innervated. mostly parasympathetic axonal endings and postganglionic cell bodies

Histology (20 decks)

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