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Histology > Lecture 4 - bone > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - bone Flashcards

1
Q

5 roles of bone

A

support body mass, facilitate movement, protection, site of hematopoiesis, calcium reservoir.

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2
Q

Similarities of bone and cartilage

A

hard tissues, contain living cells embedded in matrix, common mesenchymal progenitor cells.

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3
Q

Differences of bone and cartilage

A

bone heavily vascularized/ cartilage avascular; bone access to blood vessels via canaliculi; cartilage less calcified, uses long-range diffusion.

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4
Q

How is bone a dynamic tissue?

A

constant remodeling from mechanical stress

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5
Q

Piezoelectric potential

A

bone deposition and bone reabsorption

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6
Q

Bone matrix’s organic components

A

Type I collagen fibers, amorphous substance (GAGs, glycoproteins), and osteoid

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7
Q

glycoproteins in bone

A

osteonectin, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and bone sialoprotein

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8
Q

Osteonectin and Osteopontin

A

anchors minerals to collagen & initiate mineralization and promote crystal formation

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9
Q

Osteocalcin & bone sialoprotein

A

calcium binding proteins

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10
Q

Bone matrix’s inorganic components

A

Mostly calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite (holds water), bicarbonate, and fluoride.

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11
Q

2 methods to prepare bone sections

A

decalcification (only organic components left- flexible) and grinding (keeps inorganic components)

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12
Q

Mesenchymal osteoprogenitor

A

osteogenic cell. Committed by Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMPs) - osteogenin. Differentiate into osteoblasts. Can self renew.

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13
Q

Osteoblast

A

occur on the periphery. Secrete the osteoid which is the newly deposited material. Abundant RER and golgi. Secretion activated by GH (somatotropin), sex steroids.

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14
Q

Osteocyte

A

when osteoblasts secrete so mluch osteoid, they become encompassed by it (terminally differentiated). Reside in lacunae.

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15
Q

Osteoclasts

A

reabsorb calcium.. Formed by a fusion of monocytes. Multinucleated.

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16
Q

Osteoid

A

deposition of osteoblast cell layer and existing bone. Stains a lighter color on the edge since it is more concentrated in inorganic material.

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17
Q

Canaliculi

A

canals connecting osteocytes (gap junctions)

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18
Q

2 modes of osteocytic osteolysis regulation

A

Parathryoid Hormone and Calcitonin

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19
Q

PTH

A

increases resportion. indirectly stimulates by binding to receptors on osteoblasts which will stimulate osteoclast activity

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20
Q

Calcitonin

A

descreases resportion

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21
Q

Where are Macrophages located and whats feature does it have?

A

Howship’s lacunae and a ruffled border to increase surface area.

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22
Q

2 modes of osteoclast function

A

focal decalcification by acidification (H reacts with calcium to free it) and by extracellular digestion by enzymes (digests collagen and other organic material).

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23
Q

3 parts of bone

A

periosteum, endosteum, and bone proper

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24
Q

periosteum

A

Pheripheral. Made of fibrous (outer fibrous layer and highly vascularized) and osteogenic (osteoblasts and osteogenic cells) components

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25
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin single layer (progenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts), line bones internal surfaces (trabeculae, H canals), and important for nutrition and maintenance

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26
Q

Bone proper

A

mineralized components of bone

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27
Q

Attachment of peiosteum to bone

A

collagen fibers bundles called Sharpey’s fibers

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28
Q

Where is the point of origin for Volkmann’s canals

A

periosteum

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29
Q

Uncommitted mesenchymal precursor if vascular or avascular

A

Vascular - osteoprogenitor

Avascular - chondroprogenitor

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30
Q

2 structures of bone proper

A

woven and lamellar

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31
Q

Woven bone

A

primary or immature bone. random disposition of collagen fibrils, amorphous calcium phosphate. seen in development and repair

32
Q

Lamellar bone

A

secondary or mature bone. Organized disposition of collagen fibers - cancellous or compact

33
Q

Cancellous bone

A

spongy bone. Network of irregular lamellae (trabeculae) with bone marrow in between

34
Q

Compact bone

A

cortical bone. Forms diaphysis of long bones and thin layer around epiphyses and skull. Highly organized

35
Q

5 locations where no cancellous bone

A

flat bones, alveolar bone around teeth, short bones, epiphyses & diaphysis of long bones

36
Q

Anastomose

A

fusion of trabeculae trapping blood and lymph vessels. Will cause spongy bone to go to compact bone.

37
Q

Haversian system

A

cylindrical columns of 4-15 concentric lamellae surrounding a canal with blood & lymph vessels and nerves

38
Q

Osteon

A

Haversian system

39
Q

Volkmann’s canals

A

allow blood vessels to go from the outside of the cell to the interior of the bone.

40
Q

Osteoblast and calcification

A

Osteoblasts secrete osteoid and calcium binding factors which facilitate the precipitation of calcium phosphate.

41
Q

Factors secreted by osteoblasts

A 
alkaline phopshatase (promotes accumulation of inorganic phosphate in the osteiod); 
osteonectin and osteocalcin (high affinity calcium binding proteins)
42
Q

Why is bone remodeling important?

A

deposition allows for high vascularity; Resorption allows for formations of canals or morrow cavities; shapes bones; response to mechanical stress; maintain calcium homeostasis.

43
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Resorption > deposition

44
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Deposition > resorption

45
Q

Vit C deficiency

A

affects production of collagen

46
Q

Vit D deficiency

A

decreases uptake of calcium from GI tract.

47
Q

Vit A deficiency

A

slow bone growth, can cause premature epiphyseal closure

48
Q

Vit A excess

A

slow cartilage growth and accelerated ossification

49
Q

Growth hormone deficiency and excess

A

deficiency - dwarfism

excess - gigantism (children), acromegaly (adults)

50
Q

Sex steroids

A

influence time of appearance of ossification centers during development

51
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

excess PTH thus bone mass loss, fragile bones, increase in circulating calcium (goes to kidney)

52
Q

2 types of ossification

A

intramembranous and endochondral

53
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts then osteocytes. occurs in vascularized areas.

54
Q

endochondral ossification

A

replacement of cartilage with osteoblasts and osteocytes (seen at articular surfaces).

55
Q

Sequence of events in intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchymal condensation, appearance of blood vessels, differentiation into osteoblasts, mineralization by osteocytes, spicules/trabeculae formed, interweaving of trabeculae.

56
Q

Way spongy bone is converted to compact bone in a Haversian canal

A

Intramembranous.

57
Q

Type of cartilage that is a template for endochondral ossification

A

hyaline cartilage

58
Q

Steps of endochondral ossification to form primary ossification center (diaphyseal)

A

mesenchymal condensation, differentiation into chondroblasts, small hyaline cartilage, capillaries penetrate perichondrium and creates periosteum, formation of subperiosteal bone collar (intramembranous), cartilage degenerates, blood vessels enter,s, then endochondral ossification.

59
Q

Ossification important for width of bone

A

intramembranous

60
Q

Ossification important for length of bone

A

endochonral

61
Q

Steps of endochondral ossification after secondary ossification center (epiphyseal)

A

diaphysis - bone collar grows toward ephiphyses, spongy bone formed in center, marrow cavity enlarges; epiphysis - growth at growth plate (5 distinct zones); spongy bone replaces woven; second secondary ossification starts at epiphysis.

62
Q

Adult bone

A

epiphyseal cartilage is no longer present, compact bone @ diaphysis, spongy @ epiphysis, yellow (adipose) marrow, periosteum surrounds shaft, articular cartilage with no peichondrium

63
Q

5 zones of bone growth

A

resting zone, proliferating zone, maturing (hypertrophic) zone, calcifying zone, and ossifying zone

64
Q

Proliferating zone

A

mitotic zone. Osteoblasts are proliferating in response to growth hormone (lengthening of bone)

65
Q

Mature/hypertrophic zone

A

when the cells rupture, calcium migrates into the trailing edge and then start to deposit spongy bone.

66
Q

Bone repair

A

oxygen supply interrupted, fibroblasts/macrophages, chondrogenic pathway to form cartilage bridge, blood vessels reappear, which leads to ossification

67
Q

Synarthrose joint

A

joint with little or no movement

68
Q

syndesmosis joint

A

joined by dense CT (cranial in young)

69
Q

synostose

A

immobilized, fused bones (old skull bones)

70
Q

synchondrose

A

joined by hyaline cartilage (rib/sternum)

71
Q

symphysis

A

joined by fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis, discs)

72
Q

Diarthrose joint

A

synovial/articular joint

73
Q

2 cells found in synovial membrane

A

A cell - phagocytic

B cell - secrete synovial fluid

74
Q

Tendon

A

muscle to bond TMB

75
Q

Ligament

A

bone to bone LBB

Histology (20 decks)

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