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Histology > Lecture 6 - Lymph > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

3 lines of defense

A

physical barrier, innate (non-specific) immunity, acquired (specific) immunity

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2
Q

Commensals

A

bacteria with a symbiotic relationship in the respiratory and GI tract

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3
Q

Cells that participate in innate immunity

A

Mastocytes, granulocytes, and agranulocytes (macrophages and Natural T killer lymphocyte)

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4
Q

Acquired immunity

A

bacteria will be degraded by lysosome. binding of the MHC and will present an IgD and bind to the B lymphocyte to activate it, causing proliferation of T cells and B cells

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5
Q

Function of lymph system

A

antigen recognition and antigen inactivation/elimination

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6
Q

Cellular immunity

A

T lymphocyte activated by contact with a MHC-1. Will produce memory and cytotoxic lymphocytes (perforin lyses the cell).

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7
Q

Central lymphoid tissues

A

Thymus and bone marrow (bursal)

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8
Q

Where do T cells undergo maturation?

A

Thymus

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9
Q

Where do B cells undergo maturation?

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

B cells are produced where in the fetus?

A

Liver in the second trimester.

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11
Q

Plasma cells unique features

A

high RER for immunoglobulin production and eccentric nucleus with a cartwheel arrangement of heterochromatin

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12
Q

Immunoglobulin structure

A

heavy and light chains. 2 disulfide bonds between heavy and 1 between heavy to light. Variable portion allows for specificity (somatic recombination)

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13
Q

Somatic recombination

A

Light chain has different sequences that get shuffled, producing a random variation of exons. Occurs in T cell receptor and B cells.

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14
Q

IgG

A

most common. Monomere. activates phagocytosis, neutralizes antigens, protects newborn. In blood, lymph intestinal lumen

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15
Q

IgM

A

pentamere. First antibodies to be produced in an initial immune response. Found on B lymphocytes surface

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16
Q

IgA

A

Dimer with secretory component. Protects the surface of mucosas for it resists proteolysis. Produced in B lymphocytes of the lamina propria and presentes as dimers in secretions.

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17
Q

IgD

A

Monomere. Functions as a receptor to antigens triggering B cell activation. Presents only on surface of B lymphocytes

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18
Q

IgE

A

Monomer. participates in allergy and lyses parasitic worms. Bound to the surface mastocytes and basophiles

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19
Q

Immunization

A

antigen to promote a primary response and a second antigen exposure produces a quicker and stronger secondary response.

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20
Q

Primary response

A

more IgM than IgG

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21
Q

Secondary response

A

more IgG than IgM

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22
Q

Aggulination

A

antibodies bind to antigen

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23
Q

Opsonization

A

binding of antibodies stimulate phagocytosis

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24
Q

Neutralization

A

binding of antibody to microorganisms blockes their adhesion to cells and inactivates toxins

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25
Q

cytotoxicity

A

antibodies adhering to the surface of worms activating cells of immune system and inducing them to liberate chemical agents that attack the surface

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26
Q

complement activation

A

binding of antibodies triggers the complement cascade to produce membrane attack complex and causes cell lysis.

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27
Q

Helper T cells

A

CD4. promote the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of B lymphocytes.

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28
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

CD8. MHC- I complement to TC receptor, will release either perforin (lyses cell) or fas ligand (apoptosis)

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29
Q

PD-1 receptor (suppressor T cells)

A

expressed on T cells. down regulate the immune system by preventing activation of T cells. Inhibitors of PD-1 thus activate immune system.

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30
Q

Chemotherapy

A

cuases microtubules to dissolve, destroying centrioles in highly mitotic cancer cells

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31
Q

Immunotherapy

A

change the way the immune response treats the cancer

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32
Q

Memory cells

A

produced from both T cells and B cells

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33
Q

MHC I

A

present on all cell types. CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells. dont pass through endosome-lysosome vesicles.

34
Q

MHC II

A

present of APCs (differentiated from monocytes). CD4 cells (helper). Pass through endosome-lysosome vesicles. Will cause release of cytokines to promote B cell differentiation.

35
Q

Perforin

A

released by CD8 and cause cell lyse

36
Q

Fas ligand

A

released by CD8. Cause cell apoptosis (cell suicide).

37
Q

Necrosis

A

murder of a cell

38
Q

HIV

A

attacks the helper T cells.

39
Q

Encapsulated peripheral lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes and spleen

40
Q

Unecapsulated peripheral lymphoid organs

A

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) found in submucosal membranes of the body. About 85% of all lymph tissue

41
Q

B cells located where in lymph node

A

Cortical nodules in the medulla

42
Q

T cells located where in lymph nodes

A

paracortex

43
Q

B cells located where in spleen

A

lymphoid nodules

44
Q

T cells located where in spleen

A

PALS (periarterial lymphatic sheaths)

45
Q

More prominent cell type found in blood

A

T cells (major part of the circulating lymph tissue)

46
Q

More prominent cell type found in lymph

A

T cells

47
Q

More prominent cell type found in mucosal tissues

A

B cell (such as GI tract)

48
Q

B cells primarily produce what antigen

A

IgA

49
Q

How is IgA protected

A

a secretory piece/component is added by epithelial cells and protects it against lysosomal degradation and then clipped at the apical surface.

50
Q

Solitary nodules

A

GI and respiratory. Unencapsulated. primary and secondary nodules

51
Q

Primary nodule

A

naive B cells.

52
Q

secondary nodule

A

cap or mantle with naive B cells (stains darker); Germinal center (stains lighter) with activation of immune cells (B, helper T, dendritic cells, and tingible bodies)

53
Q

Tonsil

A

discontinuous ring of lymphatic tissue. Apical surface - stratified squam non-keratinized. Can have primary and secondary nodules

54
Q

Aggregated nodules

A

Tonsils, peyers patches, vermiform appendix

55
Q

Peyer’s Patches

A

small intestine - ilium of the GI tract. Can form and dissipate. Can produce primary nodules

56
Q

Microfold cells

A

transport antigen to macrophages for stimulation of B and T cells.

57
Q

Appendix

A

terminal narrowed tip of the cecum. Lymph tissue will age.

58
Q

Thymus

A

encapsulated and can branch to produce trabeculae producing lobules (cortex and medulla).

59
Q

What forms the microframework of the thymus?

A

epithelial reticular cells

60
Q

Cortex of the thymus

A

where T cells are maturing.

61
Q

Hassal’s corpuscle

A

collection of dead epithelial reticular cells found in the medulla of the thymus.

62
Q

Thymus efficiency

A

95% of developing thymocytes are destroyed. Where T cells will not recognize and thus avoid macrophages.

63
Q

Blood - thymus barrier

A

prevents blood borne elements from having early access to the thymus cells during their recombination.

64
Q

Immunosenescence

A

as you age, a decrease in available T cells and fat replaces.. Increases change of inability to fit off an infection.

65
Q

Where does the lymphatic system brain back into?

A

the venous cava.

66
Q

Lymph node function

A

filter lymph fluid and hold T and B cells

67
Q

Direction of lymph fluid in lymph node

A

afferent lymphatics into the subcapsular sinus, then the travecular sinus, to the medullary sinus and exit the efferent lymphatic (hilum).

68
Q

Scaffold of lymph node

A

reticular cells and fibers (argenophylic)

69
Q

Direction of blood in lymph node

A

in through Hilum, goes to paracrotical region and does a u turn to exit out of hilum.

70
Q

Lymph node cortex components

A

superficial cortex - B cells and APC

paracortex - T cells and APC

71
Q

Lymph node medulla component

A

Plasma cells

72
Q

Type of endothelium cells seen in the postcapillary high endothelial venule

A

Cuboidal endothelium. Allow for lymphocytes to squeeze into the parenchyma of the node

73
Q

Spleen function

A

filters blood. platelet storage. immune response to blood born antigens. hematopoiesis if necessary.

74
Q

Red pulp of spleen

A

erythrocytes (no nuclei) and stain pink.

75
Q

White pulp of spleen

A

abundance of leukocytes (nuclei) and stain a purpleish color

76
Q

Blood circulation of spleen

A

exits white pulp into red pulp which contain sinusoids looking for aged or damaged erythrocytes.

77
Q

Open sinusoid

A

open circulation allows for a slow filtration

78
Q

Closed sinusoid

A

close circulation does not allow erythrocytes to leave, thus a fast filtration

79
Q

Where are postcapillary high endothelial venule found?

A

only in lymph nodes (paracortex)

80
Q

Stain used for iron stain in spleen

A

prussian blue

Histology (20 decks)

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