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Histology > Lecture 10- Muscle > Flashcards

Lecture 10- Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

connected to bones, voluntary control, striated, and multi-nucleated with nuclei often found in the periphery of the cells

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2
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

involuntary control, striated, centrally located mono-nucleated, branching, lots of mitochondria

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3
Q

Smooth muscle

A

in hollow organs, involuntary control, spindle shaped, non-striated, and mono-nucleated

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4
Q

Muscle tissues develops from what?

A

myoblasts. It is the fusion of mononucleated embryonic myoblasts

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5
Q

Purpose of satellite cells in skeletal muscle

A

help with regeneration.

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6
Q

Skeletal growth plasticity

A

atrophy and hypertrophy

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7
Q

Plasticity

A

ability to change in size but not number

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8
Q

Sacromere

A

the basic unit of a striated muscle tissue. Between two Z lines

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9
Q

When calcium is present in a muscle

A

Myosin is able to bind to actin when the binding sites on actin are exposed because of calcium binding

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10
Q

Z line

A

Where actin molecules (think filaments) are anchored. Found in the I band.

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11
Q

I band

A

zone of thin filaments only (actin)

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12
Q

A band

A

contains the entire length of a single thick filament

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13
Q

H zone

A

Within the A band. Only thick filaments (myosin)

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14
Q

M line

A

within the H one. Where the myosin is anchored.

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15
Q

3 CT layers of skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

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16
Q

Dystrophin

A

establishes contact with actin, transmembrane glycoproteins, and lamins of the extracellular matrix.

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17
Q

Titins

A

act as springs to help reshape after muscles are stretched.

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18
Q

T tubules

A

invaginations of the sarcolemma.

19
Q

Triad

A

at the I-A junction. When cisterane (SR) sandwiches the T tubules.

20
Q

Importance of triad

A

nerve induced muscle impulse causes calcium from SR into the sarcoplasm causing contraction of the myofilaments.

21
Q

Number of actin to myosin in the A band

A

6 actin per myosin.

22
Q

Tropomyosin

A

filamentous type of protein

23
Q

Troponin’s 3 subunits

A

TnT: binds tropomyosin
TnC: binds calcium and causes a conformational change
TnI: inhibits the binding of all the proteins around

24
Q

ATP’s role in muscle contraction

A

ATP binds to troponin but only is productive when calcium is present. ATPase hydrolyzes allowing for the binding of myosin and actin.

25
Q

T or F: a neuron may innervate more than one fiber

A

True

26
Q

Neurotransmitter found in neuromusclar junction and enzyme to break down

A

acetylcholine and cholinesterase

27
Q

What causes relaxation of muscle?

A

ATP attached to the myosin head.

28
Q

White muscle fibers

A

Type II, fast muscle fibers (ATP pool, phosphocreatine, glycogen). Little myoglobin, glycolytic respiration, abundant glycogen

29
Q

Red muscle fibers

A

Type I, slow muscle fibers.(oxidative phosphorylation). Lots of myoglobin, mitochondria, small diameter

30
Q

Propioceptors

A

relaying info to the brain to keep it informed.

31
Q

Muscle spindle

A

relaying info to the CNS about the condition of the muscle via pseudounipolar neurons. contain intrafusal fivers. (example of golgi tendon organ)

32
Q

Intrafusal vs extrafusal fibers

A

Intrafusal: sensory feedback (nuclear chain and bag fibers)
Extrafusal: majority, provides force (Type I&II, intermediate fibers)

33
Q

Can cardiac muscle regrow?

A

No.

34
Q

Layer of the heart that cardiac muscle is seen in?

A

Myocardium

35
Q

Intercalated disks

A

disks seen between cardiac muscle cells

36
Q

Natriuretic peptides

A

ANP and BNP. decreases blood pressure

37
Q

3 ways BP is decreased from natriuretic peptides

A

promote kidney diuresis and natriuresis; cause vasodilation; inhibit central sympathetic outflow

38
Q

Dense bodies in smooth muscle

A

distributed along the sarcolemma and are the actin and intermediate filament anchoring sites

39
Q

Caveolae

A

tiny caves on smooth muscle cell surface that may be involved in sequestering calcium

40
Q

Multi-unit smooth muscle

A

richly innervated for rapid, precise, graded contractions

41
Q

Visceral smooth muscle

A

poorly innervated with slow contractions; excitations are transmitted from cell to cell by numerous gap junctions

42
Q

Varicosities in muscles

A

accumulate neurotransmitters and will release the signal

43
Q

Dense bodies that are phosphorylated

A

in the active state

44
Q

Diad in cardiac muscle

A

Found at the Z line of cardiac muscle. No triads are present in cardiac muscles.

Histology (20 decks)

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