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Histology > Lecture 16 - Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Direction of blood in liver

A

portal vein (70%) and hepatic artery (30%) in portal triad enter into sinusoid and mix. Go to the cetnral vein which exits to hepatic vein and inferior vena cava

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2
Q

Bile and lymph direction in liver

A

bile ducts and lymphatic vessels flow from central vein towards portal triad

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3
Q

components of portal triad

A

lymphatic vessel, portal vein (largest in size with no tunica media), bile duct (simple cuboidal), and hepatic arteriole (one or two layers of smooth muscle)

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4
Q

Bile canaliculus

A

where the bile flows from the central vein to the portal triad. Has no structure of its own, its lumen is a sealed off space between two hepatocytes joined by a zonula occludens (tight junction)

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5
Q

Space of disse

A

adjacent to hepatocytes and the fenestrated endothelium of the sinusoid.

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6
Q

Kupffer cells

A

derived from monocytes, have phagocytic properties for foreign materials and old RBCs. take up indian ink during staining. Found in the sinusoid.

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7
Q

ITO cells

A

(hepatic stellate cells or lipocytes) found in the space of disse and sometimes the sinusoid.

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8
Q

ITO cells and cirrhois

A

under diseased state, will secrete lots of type I collagen leading to excess CT.

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9
Q

Main cell type found in liver cells

A

hepatocytes (which can be binucleated). will have lots of RER and mitochondria since making proteins.

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10
Q

Apical side and lateral side of hepatocyte

A

sinusoid face - microvilli into the space of disse.

lateral face - forms tight junctions with adjacent cells to form bile canaliculi.

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11
Q

4 main functions of hepatocytes

A

synthesis of plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen); storage glycogen; converts amino acids into glucose (gluconeogenesis); detox and conjugation of ingested toxins (goes into bile)

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12
Q

Somatomedins (IGFs)

A

produced in liver stimulate bone and muscle growth. Stimulate chondroblasts and chondrocytes

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13
Q

Extra-medullary hematopoiesis in the liver

A

cells with intensely basophilic nuclei (erythroid)

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14
Q

Jaundice

A

accumulation of bilirubin causing yellowing of skin and eyes. sign of a young or diseased liver.

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15
Q

Bilirubin formation in liver

A

Hemoglobin is stripped of the heme molecule. Heme is eventually catabolized by heme oxygenase to biliverdin, which is further catabolized by biliverdin reductase to bilirubin.

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16
Q

Bilirubin excretion in liver

A

glucuronyltransferase conjugates bilirubin with glucuronic acid to make bilirubin glucuronide (water soluble) and excreted into the bile canaliculus.

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17
Q

Gilbert’s syndrome in liver

A

reduced activity of glucuronyltransferase. Leads to slightly elevated levels of bilirubin.

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18
Q

Crigler-Najjar syndrome in liver

A

severe deficiency of glucuronidation of bilirubin. Thus lots of bilirubin remains.

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19
Q

Dubin Johnson and Rotor’s syndrome in liver

A

defect in the ability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into the bile. Elevated level in blood serum.

20
Q

Bile acid synthesis of hepatocytes

A

10% is new, 90% recycled. Cholic acid aids in digestion and excretion and thus are secreted into the bile canaliculus.

21
Q

Portal/hepatic acinus

A

zone I is most oxygenated and zone III (closest to the central vein) is least oxygenated

22
Q

Pit cells

A

Natural killer cells found in the sinusoid of the liver.

23
Q

Spinchter of oddi

A

regulates how much is secreted from the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas into the duodenum.

24
Q

Common hepatic duct

A

carries bile from liver to meet up with cystic duct of gallbladder

25
Q

Cystic duct

A

from gallbladder and is coiled so it will never be shut close

26
Q

What type of cells line bile ducts?

A

(hering’s canals) simple cuboidal cholangiocytes

27
Q

Secretin in bile ducts

A

stimulates cholangiocytes to secrete water and bicarbonate into bile. (alkalizes the content of the lumen)

28
Q

Gallbladder structure and function

A

epithelium in mucosal folds with lamina propria and smooth muscle underneath. Will store, concentrate (via water reabsorption), and release bile from the liver. No bile synthesis.

29
Q

Function of bile

A

promotes reabsorption of fat and carries bilirubin to the duodenum.

30
Q

type of cells that line the gallbladder

A

lined by simple columnar cells into folds.

31
Q

Bile concentration

A

sodium and water will leave the lumen via a micele, sodium will leave through the basal membrane and water will follow. But the removal of water and sodium concentrates bile in the lumen.

32
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) in gallbaldder

A

causes the smooth muscle cells in the gallbladder to contract, and relaxes the sphincter of oddi to relax allowing bile to enter the duodenum.

33
Q

How is the bile returned to the liver?

A

reabsorbed in the ileum and returned via the portal venous system.

34
Q

Type of gland in pancreas

A

compound serous acinar gland (90% - exocrine) and islets of langerhans (10% - endocrine)

35
Q

Pancreas and liver development

A

from the primitive foregut

36
Q

Islets of langerhans in pancreas

A

produce insulin. lighter staining than the serous acinar gland. endocrine function. contain the alpha, beta, delta, and PP cells

37
Q

Centroacinar cells of the pancreas

A

cells at the end of the intercalated ducts.

38
Q

Secretin in pancreas

A

coming from duodenum, centroacinar and intercalated duct cells secrete a bicarbonate rich fluid that hydrates, flushes, and alkalinizes the enzymatic secretion of acini.

39
Q

CCK in pancreas

A

stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to produce digestive enzymes.

40
Q

Prevention of autodigestion

A

enzyme secreted as zymogen (inactive proenzyme) and are membrane bound. Released into dudodenum and vesicles are ruptured, the inhibitors are diluted away, and enterokinase activates.

41
Q

A cells in pancreas

A

secrete glucagon (increase blood glucose levels). dark circular appearance

42
Q

B cells in the pancreas

A

secrete insulin (decreases blood glucose levels). Have a(n) elongated/striped appearance

43
Q

Insulin formation in pancreas

A

made as a promolecule but then portion is cut off. Portions are then layered and held by disulfide bonds.

44
Q

D cells in the pancreas

A

secrete somatostatin which inhibits other islet cells. Feedback to inhibit growth hormone in the pituitary-hypothalamus axis.

45
Q

PP cells in the pancreas

A

secrete pancreatic polypeptide which may inhibit the exocrine pancreas (but not completely understood)

46
Q

Are glycogen granules bound or not bound in hepatocytes?

A

not bound

Histology (20 decks)

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