Lecture 5 - Hematology Flashcards
What all does blood transport?
oxygen and other nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat, and cells
Polycythemia
when at higher elevation, the body will compensate and make more blood cells to be able to take up more oxygen
Blood with anticoagulant
plasma
buffy coat (leukocytes, and platelets)
erythrocytes
Blood without anticoagulant
serum
clot
Contents of plasma
proteins and ions (solutes) and water
Contents of serum
proteins and ions.
Romanovsky-type color stains
basophilic - blue
azurophilic - purple
eosinophilic - orange
neutrophilic - pink
Differential count
Neutrophil - 60-70% Eosinophil - 2-4% Basophil - .5% lymphocyte - 28% Monocyte - 5%
Neutrophils
60-70%. Attack bacteria. Lobulated nucleus. Can sometimes see a barr body. Both non specific and specific granules
Eosinophil
2-4%. Attack parasites. Granules have an internum stripe (major basic protein to attack, neurotoxin). Migrate through diapedesis and chemotaxis. Limits inflammation
Basophil
.5%. mediate inflammation. Large granules containing heaprin, proteases, histamine, eosinophil chemotactic factor
Lymphocyte
28%. mediate humoral (B cells) and cellular (T cells) immunity. Large nucleus and typically have a halo appearance
Monocyte
5%. become phagocytic macrophages. Typically have some sort of change in the shape of the nucleus.
Granulocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and basophils.
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
Proteins found in plasma
albumin, globulin (antibodies), and fibrinogen
Organic and inorganics in plasma
organics: lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic wastes
inorganics: potassium, sodium, chloride, etc.
Albumin
contributes to osmotic pressure
Globulins
include immunoglobulins and transport that bind small ions, hormones, etc.
Fibrinogen
function in forming blood clots
RBC
no nucleus. short life span (120 days). flexible shape
3 membrane proteins in RBC
glycophorin, anion transporter channel, and ankyrin
Anion transporter channel in RBC
allows HCO3- to cross in exchange for Cl-. Facilitates release of CO2 in the lung
Causes of anemia
hemorrhage, insufficient production of RBCs (low epo from diseased kidney), RBCs with insufficient hemoglobin (iron deficiency), accelerated RBC destruction (sickle cell)
Removal of RBCs
Most are done in the spleen, some in liver and bone marrow. Little done in the blood vessels.
Barr body
inactivated X chromosome. Thus from female
Nonspecific granules
primary lysosomes, dark staining.
Diapedesis
RBCs exiting and squeezing through endothelium
Chemotaxis
move toward the chemotaxic factor to attack the bacteria
2 modes of killing of bacteria
oxygen-dependent (creates hydrogen peroxide - then bleach) and oxygen-independent (lysosomal degradation)
How does eosinophils limit inflammation?
inactivating leukotrienes and histamine
4 responses to mast cells/basophils
chemoattraction of eosinophils; increased permeability of blood vessels (histamine); constriction of smooth muscle; hyper secretion of mucus by goblet cells
APC cell mechanism
Acquired immunity. antigen is presented to the major histocompatability complex which presents it to a T cell. If recognized as foreign, it will then stimulate B cells to produce antibodies to bind to the bacteria.
Secretions of platelets
serotonin - vasoconstriction; platelet-derived growth factor - endothelial cell mitosis
Hyalomere of platelet
peripheral microtubules and microfilaments to hold it together.
Hemostasis steps
vasoconstriction; platelets form the primary plug (adhere to collagen fibers); clotting cascade (platelets release fibrinogen -> fibrin which acts as a mesh)
3 phages in fetal blood development
primite erythroblasts; hepato-spleno-thymic phase (precursors of granulocytes and mega); medullo-lymphatic phase (bone marrow & lymph nodes produce all cell types)
Hemocytoblast
pluripotential stem cell. common precursor to all blood cell types
Myeloid stem cells
erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes
Lymphoid stem cells
lymphocytes only (T and B)
T lymphocytes
Cellular immunity
B lymphocytes
humoral immunity
What do monocytes become when they leave blood?
Macrophages
Red marrow
hematogenous (young) and is very active
Yellow marrow
adipose cells (older).
Erythropoiesis
RBC formation. If detect low blood oxygen levels, erthropoietin is released causing differentiation of progenitors to reticulocytes.
Progression to erythrocyte
Proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatic erythroblast, normoblast (off center nucleus), reticulocyte, and erythrocyte.
Stage with a nucleus with checkerboard of heterochromatin
basophilic erythroblast
3 divisions of erythroblasts
proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, and polychromatophilic erythroblast (sense RNA is condensed)
Reticulocytes histologically distinct feature
No nucleus, but may have RNA remnants.
Myeloblast
no granules present
Promyelocyte
nonspecific granules (lysosomes) developed from golgi
Myelocyte
specific granule
Metamyeloctye
lobulation begins (kidney bean shape)
What occurs before and after a band cell
Before: metamyelocyte
After: full lobulation
Band neutrophil accumulation indicates what?
bacterial infection. Thus more neutrophils are being produced.
Thrombopoiesis
stem cell to megakaryocyte and then platelet production
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
characterized by the presence of giant Reed-Sternberg cells (5 subtypes) - large cell type
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
12 B cell types, 12 T cell types.
Acute vs chronic leukemia
acute: immature cells in development and progresses rapidly (denser packing is seen)
chronic: more mature cells in development thus less aggressive
