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Histology > Lecture 5 - Hematology > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What all does blood transport?

A

oxygen and other nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat, and cells

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2
Q

Polycythemia

A

when at higher elevation, the body will compensate and make more blood cells to be able to take up more oxygen

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3
Q

Blood with anticoagulant

A

plasma
buffy coat (leukocytes, and platelets)
erythrocytes

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4
Q

Blood without anticoagulant

A

serum

clot

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5
Q

Contents of plasma

A

proteins and ions (solutes) and water

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6
Q

Contents of serum

A

proteins and ions.

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7
Q

Romanovsky-type color stains

A

basophilic - blue
azurophilic - purple
eosinophilic - orange
neutrophilic - pink

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8
Q

Differential count

A 
Neutrophil - 60-70%
Eosinophil - 2-4%
Basophil - .5%
lymphocyte - 28%
Monocyte - 5%
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9
Q

Neutrophils

A

60-70%. Attack bacteria. Lobulated nucleus. Can sometimes see a barr body. Both non specific and specific granules

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10
Q

Eosinophil

A

2-4%. Attack parasites. Granules have an internum stripe (major basic protein to attack, neurotoxin). Migrate through diapedesis and chemotaxis. Limits inflammation

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11
Q

Basophil

A

.5%. mediate inflammation. Large granules containing heaprin, proteases, histamine, eosinophil chemotactic factor

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12
Q

Lymphocyte

A

28%. mediate humoral (B cells) and cellular (T cells) immunity. Large nucleus and typically have a halo appearance

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13
Q

Monocyte

A

5%. become phagocytic macrophages. Typically have some sort of change in the shape of the nucleus.

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14
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and basophils.

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15
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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16
Q

Proteins found in plasma

A

albumin, globulin (antibodies), and fibrinogen

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17
Q

Organic and inorganics in plasma

A

organics: lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic wastes
inorganics: potassium, sodium, chloride, etc.

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18
Q

Albumin

A

contributes to osmotic pressure

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19
Q

Globulins

A

include immunoglobulins and transport that bind small ions, hormones, etc.

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20
Q

Fibrinogen

A

function in forming blood clots

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21
Q

RBC

A

no nucleus. short life span (120 days). flexible shape

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22
Q

3 membrane proteins in RBC

A

glycophorin, anion transporter channel, and ankyrin

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23
Q

Anion transporter channel in RBC

A

allows HCO3- to cross in exchange for Cl-. Facilitates release of CO2 in the lung

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24
Q

Causes of anemia

A

hemorrhage, insufficient production of RBCs (low epo from diseased kidney), RBCs with insufficient hemoglobin (iron deficiency), accelerated RBC destruction (sickle cell)

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25
Q

Removal of RBCs

A

Most are done in the spleen, some in liver and bone marrow. Little done in the blood vessels.

26
Q

Barr body

A

inactivated X chromosome. Thus from female

27
Q

Nonspecific granules

A

primary lysosomes, dark staining.

28
Q

Diapedesis

A

RBCs exiting and squeezing through endothelium

29
Q

Chemotaxis

A

move toward the chemotaxic factor to attack the bacteria

30
Q

2 modes of killing of bacteria

A

oxygen-dependent (creates hydrogen peroxide - then bleach) and oxygen-independent (lysosomal degradation)

31
Q

How does eosinophils limit inflammation?

A

inactivating leukotrienes and histamine

32
Q

4 responses to mast cells/basophils

A

chemoattraction of eosinophils; increased permeability of blood vessels (histamine); constriction of smooth muscle; hyper secretion of mucus by goblet cells

33
Q

APC cell mechanism

A

Acquired immunity. antigen is presented to the major histocompatability complex which presents it to a T cell. If recognized as foreign, it will then stimulate B cells to produce antibodies to bind to the bacteria.

34
Q

Secretions of platelets

A

serotonin - vasoconstriction; platelet-derived growth factor - endothelial cell mitosis

35
Q

Hyalomere of platelet

A

peripheral microtubules and microfilaments to hold it together.

36
Q

Hemostasis steps

A

vasoconstriction; platelets form the primary plug (adhere to collagen fibers); clotting cascade (platelets release fibrinogen -> fibrin which acts as a mesh)

37
Q

3 phages in fetal blood development

A

primite erythroblasts; hepato-spleno-thymic phase (precursors of granulocytes and mega); medullo-lymphatic phase (bone marrow & lymph nodes produce all cell types)

38
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

pluripotential stem cell. common precursor to all blood cell types

39
Q

Myeloid stem cells

A

erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes

40
Q

Lymphoid stem cells

A

lymphocytes only (T and B)

41
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Cellular immunity

42
Q

B lymphocytes

A

humoral immunity

43
Q

What do monocytes become when they leave blood?

A

Macrophages

44
Q

Red marrow

A

hematogenous (young) and is very active

45
Q

Yellow marrow

A

adipose cells (older).

46
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

RBC formation. If detect low blood oxygen levels, erthropoietin is released causing differentiation of progenitors to reticulocytes.

47
Q

Progression to erythrocyte

A

Proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatic erythroblast, normoblast (off center nucleus), reticulocyte, and erythrocyte.

48
Q

Stage with a nucleus with checkerboard of heterochromatin

A

basophilic erythroblast

49
Q

3 divisions of erythroblasts

A

proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, and polychromatophilic erythroblast (sense RNA is condensed)

50
Q

Reticulocytes histologically distinct feature

A

No nucleus, but may have RNA remnants.

51
Q

Myeloblast

A

no granules present

52
Q

Promyelocyte

A

nonspecific granules (lysosomes) developed from golgi

53
Q

Myelocyte

A

specific granule

54
Q

Metamyeloctye

A

lobulation begins (kidney bean shape)

55
Q

What occurs before and after a band cell

A

Before: metamyelocyte
After: full lobulation

56
Q

Band neutrophil accumulation indicates what?

A

bacterial infection. Thus more neutrophils are being produced.

57
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

stem cell to megakaryocyte and then platelet production

58
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

characterized by the presence of giant Reed-Sternberg cells (5 subtypes) - large cell type

59
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

12 B cell types, 12 T cell types.

60
Q

Acute vs chronic leukemia

A

acute: immature cells in development and progresses rapidly (denser packing is seen)
chronic: more mature cells in development thus less aggressive

Histology (20 decks)

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