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Histology > Lecture 2 - cell organelles > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - cell organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Stromatolites

A

photosynthetic properties and deposit a calcium carbon sediment and formed fossil. Release oxygen.. Contain cyanobacteria

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2
Q

Evidence that archaea were host cell

A

Archaea contain DNA with introns and promoters, histones, RNA poly and transcription factors similar to eukaryotes. Also they glycosylate proteins

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

site of most cellular genetic DNA

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4
Q

Centriole

A

helps organize microtubules during cell division. organization of microtubules into triplets

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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

manufacture proteins

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6
Q

ER

A

site of protein and lipid production

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7
Q

Glycocalyx

A

saccharides attached to glycolipids and glycoproteins

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8
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

selectively permeable barrier. Consists of an inner and outer membrane

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9
Q

Inner nuclear membrane

A

associated with the nuclear lamina protein meshwork that binds to chromatin in non-dividing cells

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10
Q

Outer nuclear membrane

A

may be covered with free ribosomes and can be continuous with the RER .

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11
Q

Nuclear pores and their complex

A

control fluids into and out of the nucleus. Complex is 8 fold symmetry. Uses transporting proteins to chaperone

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

makes rRNA

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13
Q

3 Pars regions in nucleolus

A

Pars amorpha, pars fibrosa, and pars granulosa

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14
Q

Pars amorpha

A

consist of DNA sequences encoding for rRNA. Also known as the nuclear organizer

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15
Q

Pars fibrosa

A

consist of primary rRNA transcripts

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16
Q

Pars granulosa

A

represent maturing ribosomal subunits (granules of pars fibrosa)

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17
Q

Nucleolonema

A

pars fibrosa and the pars graulosa only

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18
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Heavy staining. When DNA associated with various proteins is clumped

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19
Q

Euchromatin

A

Light staining. DNA associated with various proteins is unwound.

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20
Q

Binary fission

A

mode of division for prokaryotes, looped DNA makes an identical copy.

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21
Q

G1 phase of mitosis

A

growth phase. When cells are doing their normal activity

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22
Q

G2 phase of mitosis

A

proteins being made for mitosis

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23
Q

S phase of mitosis

A

synthesis phase

24
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A

Interphase (G1), prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis.

25
Q

Free ribosomes produce what type of proteins

A

cytosolic and cytoskeletal proteins and proteins for import into the nucleus, mitochondria, and peroxisomes

26
Q

RER produce what type of proteins

A

proteins incorporated into membranes, stored in lysosomes, or secreted from the cell. Often need further processing.

27
Q

5 Functions of ER

A

cleavage of signal peptide; protein folding; attachement of oligosaccharides; Smooth ER synthesize phospholipids, fats, and steroids; enzymes responsible for detoxification of drugs and other harmful substances

28
Q

4 steps of protein folding in RER

A

signal peptide cleaved, elongating protein pushes into lumen with help from chaperones, undergoes proper folding and posttranslation modifications, if cant be folded, translocated to cytosol and conjugated to ubiquitin and degraded by proteosomes.

29
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER. Cis and Trans side. Stains with silver

30
Q

Cis and trans of Golgi

A

Cis - closest to ER

Trans - transporting the forming vesicle.

31
Q

Coat Protein II (COP II) vesicle direction

A

promotes forward movement of vesicles. From ER to cis Golgi

32
Q

COP I vesicle direction

A

Promotes retrograde movement of vesicles with help from KDEL receptor. From Trans/cis golgi to ER

33
Q

Mannose-6-phosphate marker

A

Marker for segregation for lysosomes.

34
Q

optimal pH activity for a lysosome

35
Q

secondary lysosome

A

fusion of a primary lysosome and another vesicle

36
Q

Peroxisomes

A

generate hydrogen peroxide. Oxidize harmful substances and long-chain fatty acids

37
Q

Melanosomes

A

membrane enclosed granule containing melanin

38
Q

Lipofuscin

A

membrane enclosed lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion (residual body/tertiary lysosome)

39
Q

Actin’s intracellular movement

A

form stress fibers that play a role in contractility and motility by changing contracting to change shape

40
Q

Actin’s structural role

A

forming the terminal web attached to the zonula adherens underlying the apical cytoplasm.

41
Q

Actin’s membrane structures

A

microvilli and stereocilia

42
Q

Filopodia

A

finger-like projections that are used in sensing, locomotion, and cell-cell interaction

43
Q

Microtubules

A

heterodimer. can be individual, doublets as seen in cilia, or triplets as seen in centrioles

44
Q

Axoneme

A

organization of microtubules into doublets to form the core of cilia (flagella) and the sperm tail.

45
Q

Actin

A

Microfilaments

46
Q

Cilia

A

Microtubules

47
Q

Motile cilia

A

contain a central doublet of microtubules

48
Q

Primary cilia (non-motile)

A

lack a central doublet of microtubules

49
Q

Desmosomes

A

hold cells together with the next cell

50
Q

Keratin

A

intermediate filament. attach to desmosomes.

51
Q

Zonula Occludens

A

Tight junctions. occur at the apical sufrace. Prevent material passing between and create cell polarity (orientation).

52
Q

Zonula adherens

A

intermediate junctions. Occure below the Zonula occludens and make up the web and hold cells together. Forms the terminal web and anchoring point for microvilli.

53
Q

Two proteins in tight junctions

A

claudin and occludin

54
Q

Hemi desmosome

A

anchors the basal cytoplasm to the basal lamina of the basement membrane. Cadherins are replaced with integrins.

55
Q

Two proteins in desmosomes

A

Desmoglein and desmocollin that insert into plakoglobin and desmoplakin

56
Q

Proteins in gap junctions

A

six connexin proteins form a connexon.

Histology (20 decks)

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