Lecture 3 - connective tissue

Question 1

Types of connective tissue proper

Answer 1

Loose and dense.

Question 2

Types of dense CT

Answer 2

regular (ligaments and tendons) and irregular (dermis)

Question 3

Two origins of CT

Answer 3

hematopoietic stem cells and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

Question 4

Fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, and odontoblast

Answer 4

Production of fibers and ground substance

Question 5

Lymphocyte

Answer 5

Production of immunocompetent cells (T cells)

Question 6

Eosinophilic leukocyte

Answer 6

participation in allergic and vasoactive reactions, modulation of mast cell activities and the inflammation response

Question 7

Neutrophilic leukocyte

Answer 7

phagocytosis of foreign substances

Question 8

Macrophage

Answer 8

secretion of cytokines, phagocytosisof foreign substances, antigen processing and presentation to other cells. Derived from monocytes

Question 9

Mast cell and basophilic leukocyte

Answer 9

inflammatory response. Driven by IgE, antigens, and calcium.

Question 10

adipose cell

Answer 10

storage of neutral fats

Question 11

Components of CT

Answer 11

Cellular and extracellular matrix

Question 12

Extracellular matrix components

Answer 12

Amorphorus (ground substance) and fibrous (has a distinct structure)

Question 13

Cellular components

Answer 13

fibroblasts, adipose cells, macrophages, mast cells, leukocytes, and plasma cells

Question 14

Fibroblasts

Answer 14

excrete a lot of extracellular material. structural role in sticking things together

Question 15

Unilocular vs Multilocular adipose cells

Answer 15

Unilocular - only one lipid droplet

Multilocular - multiple lipids droplets within a cell. Known as brown fat. Lots of mitochondria

Question 16

Plasma cells

Answer 16

derived from B lymphocytes. Off center nucleus and cartwheel arrangement of heterochromatin. Abundant RER for production of antibodies

Question 17

What do Mast cells release?

Answer 17

Heparin, Histamine, ECF-A, and proteoglycans

Question 18

Amorphous components

Answer 18

glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

Question 19

Glycosaminoglycans

Answer 19

disaccharide linked in a linear long chair, unbranched. Consists of only sugars. Hyaluronic acid is an example

Question 20

Proteoglycans

Answer 20

Proteins and glycans attached.

Question 21

Glycoproteins

Answer 21

proteins with some disaccharides that are branched. Mostly proteins with little sugar.

Question 22

Integrins

Answer 22

protein dimers that pass through the cell membrane and are linked to intracellular matrix components.

Question 23

Types of Fibrous material

Answer 23

collagen fibers, reticular fibers (type III collagen), and elastic fibers

Question 24

4 main functions of collagen

Answer 24

adhesion, skeletal, protective, and messenger

Question 25

Collagen synthesis’ cofactor

Answer 25

Vitamin C

Question 26

Scurvy

Answer 26

lack of vitamin C leads to defective collagen synthesis and weakened CT

Question 27

Most common stain for elastic fibers

Answer 27

Orcein

Question 28

Reticular fibers

Answer 28

Type III collagen. Found in lymphoid organs and tissues (spleen and thymus). Stain with silver. Much smaller than collagen fibers

Question 29

Cartilage characteristics

Answer 29

More amorphous than fibrous. Rich in proteoglycans. Presence declines from fetus to adult

Question 30

Cellular components of Cartilage

Answer 30

periochondrial fibroblasts, chondroblasts, chondrocytes, and chondroclasts (osteoblasts)

Question 31

Extracellular matrix of cartilage

Answer 31

Most amorphous (GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins) and less prominent fibrous

Question 32

Type II collagen

Answer 32

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage

Question 33

Type I collagen

Answer 33

fibrocartilage

Question 34

Chondrocytes

Answer 34

mature cartilage that has a territorial matrix around it.

Question 35

Chondroclasts

Answer 35

reabsorb calcium and very rare. Related to osteoclasts. Derived from monocytes.

Question 36

Papain

Answer 36

hydrolyzes proteoglycans (bunny ear example)

Question 37

Is cartilage vascular?

Answer 37

No. There is no blood supply, diffusion takes place and is rate limiting, thus it is difficult to regenerate.

Question 38

Periochondrium

Answer 38

essential for appositional growth, provides nutrients, and sox transcription factors induce differentiation into chrondroblasts

Question 39

3 areas with no periochondrium

Answer 39

epiphyseal growth plate, fibrocartilage (invertebrate discs), and articular cartilage (joints)

Question 40

Types of cartilage growth

Answer 40

appositional growth and interstitial growth

Question 41

Appositional growth

Answer 41

occurs by differentiation of perichondrial fibroblasts into chondroblasts and chondrocytes

Question 42

Interstitial growth

Answer 42

occurs by mitosis of existing chrondroblasts and chondrocytes (restricted to areas with no periochondrium)

Question 43

Isogenic groups

Answer 43

multiplication of chondrocytes which are surrounded by a condensation of territorial matrix (interstitial growth)

Question 44

Staining for articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plate

Answer 44

Safranin O which stains for proteoglycans

Question 45

Osteoarthritis

Answer 45

damage of cartilage coming off of the bone (covering articular surfaces)

Question 46

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 46

swelling of membranes which puts pressure on the joints

Question 47

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 47

Type II collagen. Perichondrium present in most places (except articular cartilage). articular ends of long bones, nose, larynx, trachae, bronchi, ventral ends of ribs. Avascular

Question 48

Elastic cartilage

Answer 48

Type II collegen, but with elastic fibers. Perichondrium present. Ear - lots of vibration or movement. Avascular

Question 49

Fibrocartilage

Answer 49

Type I collagen. seen in parallel rows. Interstitial growth and no perichondrium. Intervertebral discs. Generally avascular.