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Year 2 - Semester 2 ANAT 316 > Lecture 8: The Ear > Flashcards

Lecture 8: The Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of the ear

A

External, Middle, Internal

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2
Q

what does the external ear consist of

A

-auricle
-external acoustic meatus

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3
Q

Auricle

A

-made of cartilage
-captures waves and sound
-sounds from behind are blocked but other sounds are funnelled

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4
Q

External Acoustic Meatus

A

-from auricle to tympanic membrane
-lateral 2/3 is cartilage
-medial 1/3 is temporal bone
-directs sound waves into ear
-contains hairs to trap debris

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5
Q

where is the ceruminous glands

A

external acoustic meatus

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6
Q

what do the ceruminous glands do

A

produce waxy material that prevents entry of objects

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7
Q

where does the external ear end

A

tympanic membrane

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8
Q

purpose of tympanic membrane

A

-separates external and middle ear
-vibrates in response to incoming sound waves

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9
Q

features of middle ear

A

-tympanic membrane
-Eustachian tube
-auditory ossicles

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10
Q

functions of middle ear

A

-collect and amplify sound waves
-transmits sound to internal ear

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11
Q

Pharyngotympanic Tube

A

-connects nose, ear and throat
-equalizes pressure between both sides of tube

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12
Q

Otitis media

A

-swelling
-redness
-pain

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13
Q

where do microorganisms enter

A

eustachian tube

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14
Q

three auditory ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes
*connect tymp membrane and inner ear

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15
Q

samllest bone in body

A

stapes

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16
Q

what does stapes connect to

A

internal ear via oval window

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17
Q

purpose of bony ossicles

A

amplify sound via vibration of oval window

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18
Q

muscles of the middle ear

A

-tensor tympani
-stapedius

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19
Q

purpose of muscles of inner ear

A

-prevent excessive vibration of the bony ossicles

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20
Q

Tensor tympani function

A

pulls on malleus therefore increases stiffness at the membrane

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21
Q

Stapedius function

A

pulls on stapes, reducing movment at oval window

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22
Q

Oval window

A

-stapes pushes against oval window to transmit sound waves to internal ear

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23
Q

Round Window

A

helps sound waves travel through internal ear

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24
Q

Internal ear functions

A

sensations of hearing and balance

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25
where is the inner ear encased
temporal bone
26
What is the internal ear composed of?
-Bony Labrinth -Membranous Labrinth
27
Purpose of Bony and Membranous labyrinths?
protection
28
what fluid does the bony labyrinth encase?
perilymph (flows between bony and membranous labyrinth)
29
what fluid does the membranous labyrinth encase?
Endolymph
30
What does the bony labyrinth consist of?
-cochlea -vestibule -3 semicircular canals
31
what does the membranous labyrinth consist of?
cochlea/chochlear duct
32
Cochlea
-sensory organ for hearing -sound travels through fluid as pressure waves here -sends sound information to the brain
33
vestibule contents
utricle and saccule
34
what role do the utricle and saccule play
hearing and equilibrium
35
what does the vestibule detect?
-head position -gravity -linear acceleration
36
purpose of vestibule
maintains stability and pressure
37
semicircular canals contain...
semicircular ducts
38
purpose of semicircular canals
-detects motion in 3 planes -maintains balance
39
Sensory hair cells
-cells with hair-like projections (stereocilia) -detect motion -hearing and balance
40
stereocilia
detect motion when hair cells are bent via external stimuli
41
which portion of the cochlea contains endolymph?
the cochlear duct (fluid in membranous labyrinth)
42
Amplitude
-height of sound wave -volume of sound -measured in decibels (dB)
43
Frequency
-how close together waves are -pitch of sound -measured in Hertz
44
Sound transmission overview
1. sound waves transmitted through external ear to tympanic membrane 2. vibrations pass through ossicles of middle ear 3. Stapes pushes against oval window and sound waves are transmitted to cochlea
45
scala vestibuli and scala tympani are connected and continuous via
Helicotrema
46
wha runs between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani
the cochlear duct
47
volume is determined by
how many hair cells are stimulated
48
pitch is determine by
which parts of the cochlear duct are stimulated high pitch=shorter distance of travel low pitch=longer distance of travel (all the way to Helicotrema)
49
where is the sensory organ of Corti located
in the cochlea
50
tecotrial membrane (located in organ of corti)
stays in place and is stimulated by pressure waves
51
where do hair cells sit
on the basilar membrane
52
when waves in perilymph move basilar membrane up and down what happens?
stereocilia of hair cells are pushed against and pulled away from tectorial membrane
53
innervation of the ear
CN VIII; vestibulocochlear
54
Overall process of hearing
1. Sound waves cause vibration of the tympanic memebrane 2. Movement of tympanic membrane 3. Stapes pushing against oval window causes waves in perilymph 4. waves of perilymph push against basilar membrane as they travel through the cochlea 5. hair cells push against tectorial membrane and bending causes transmission of neural signal 6. impluses travel to CNA via cochlear branch of CN VIII
55
Conductive Hearing Loss
-external or middle ear -usually temporary
56
Sensorineural hearing loss
-inner ear/nerve pathway -usually permanent
57
Dynamic equilibrium
maintaining balance when head and body are moved suddenly
58
dynamic equilibrium is sensed by
semicircular ducts
59
Static equilibrium is sensed by
saccule and utricle
60
static equilibrium
maintaining posture and stability when body is motionless
61
which semicircular canal response to head shaking no
lateral
62
which semicircular canal responds to head moving side to side
posterior
63
which semicircular canal responds to nodding head yes
anterior
64
Each duct contains a
ampulla (swollen region containing sensory receptors)
65
What is cristae ampullaris
-hair cells clustered together on parts of the ampulla
66
what is cupula
-sensory hair cells embedded in gelatinous mass
67
what pushes against cupula to push and stimulate hair cells
endolymph
68
Steps of sensing rotational movement
1. head rotates and causes movement of endolymph 2. semicircular canal rotates with the head and endolymph sloshes against cupula 3. Displacement of cupula distorts the sensory hair cells 4. Nerve impulsles are transmtted during this
69
Utricle senses
horizontal acceleration
70
Saccule senses
Vertical acceleration
71
membranous sacs filled with
endolymph
72
when head tilts, otoliths move therefore...
shifts mass and hair cells detect stimuli
73
otoliths are
crystals, they are heavy and lag behind
74

Year 2 - Semester 2 ANAT 316 (21 decks)

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