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Year 2 - Semester 2 ANAT 316 > Lecture 6: Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic NS

A

involuntary motor (efferent) branch of the NS that innervates smooth & cardiac muscle, viscera and glands. Regulates unconscious processes to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

another name for the ANS

A

visceral motor system

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3
Q

when is the SNS most active

A

during exertion, stress, emergency

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4
Q

when is the PNS most active

A

under resting conditions

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5
Q

examples of functions of the SNS

A

-stimulates metabolism by releasing glucose stores
-increase HR, BP and force of contraction
-downregulates digestive activity
-dilates blood vessels in skeletal muscle

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6
Q

examples of functions of the PNS

A

-promotes relaxation, nutrient uptake and energy storage
-decreases HR, BP, and force of contraction
-stimulates digestive secretions and increases gut motility
-dilates blood vessels in GI tract

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7
Q

what is myelin sheath

A

lipid-rich sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons

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8
Q

how many neurons are used on a somatic system

A

one neuron between CNS and target (skeletal muscle)

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9
Q

how many neurons used in an autonomic system

A

two neurons between CNS and target. preganglionic and postganglionic

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10
Q

preganglionic location of neuronal cell bodies

A

brainstem or spinal cord

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11
Q

is preganglionic or postganglionic myelinated

A

preganglionic

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12
Q

postganglionic location of neuronal cell bodies

A

autonomic ganglion

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13
Q

what is a ganglion

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies found in the PNS

-function as relay stations between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the ANS

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14
Q

Parasympathetic cranial nerves

A

III, VII, IX, X

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15
Q

Sympathetic ganglia

A
  1. The sympathetic Chain
  2. Prevertebral ganglia
    -celiac
    -superior mesenteric
    -inferior mesenteric
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16
Q

preganglionic sympathetic neurons are limited to

A

T1-L2

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17
Q

paired sympathetic ganglia linked together to form

A

a chain along the length of the vertebral column: C1-S2

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18
Q

purpose of the sympathetic chain

A

this coordinates and spreads sympathetic responses to many target tissues simultaneously

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19
Q

prevertebral ganglia

A

-situated anterior to the vertebral column, along the aorta
-celiac ganglion
-superior mesenteric ganglion
-Inferior mesenteric ganglion

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20
Q

how are prevertebral ganglia named

A

relative to blood vessels branching from the abdominal aorta

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21
Q

Length of preganglionic neuron vs postganglionic neurons in sympathetic NS

A

pre - short (b/c gnaglia are located close to vertebral column)

post - long

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22
Q

Rami communications

A

connection between the spinal nerve and the sympathetic trunk (on and off ramps)

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23
Q

white rami are only from

A

T1-L2

*grey rami are at all levels

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24
Q

sympathetic outflow origination

A

lateral horn of the spinal cord, from segments T1-L2

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25
Q

preganglionic neuron exits the spinal cord via the

A

ventral horn & root to enter the spinal nerve

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26
Q

preganglionic neuron enters te sympathetic chain via the

A

white ramus communicans

27
Q

3 main routes upon entering the sympathetic chain

A
  1. Synapse within the chain at the same level
  2. Change level within the chain and then synapse
  3. Formation of sphlanic nerve
28
Q

route for preganglionic neuron at same level

A

preganglionic neuron synapses with postganglionic neuron at the same level & exits via the grey ramus, travelling with spinal nerve to target

29
Q

is white or grey ramus communicans myelinated

A

white

30
Q

example of when preganglionic neuron would synapse at same level

A

innervation of blood vessels and sweat glands

31
Q

preganglionic neurons located between T1-L2 target

A

-body wall
-abdominal and thoracic viscera
-limbs

32
Q

route for preganglionic neurons that change level

A

they can ascend or descend within the symp chain then synapse, entering via white ramus and exiting via grey ramus

33
Q

Ascending nerves target

A

-head/neck viscera
-thoracic viscera
-upper limbs

34
Q

Descending nerves target

A

-abdominopelvic viscera
-lower limbs

35
Q

postganglionic axons contribute to autonomic plexuses including:

A

-cardiac plexus
-pilmonary plexus

36
Q

route of formation of splanchnic nerves

A

form when autonomic fibres do not rejoin from the spinal nerve. Preganglionic fibres bypass the sympathetic chain and synapse in peripheral (prevertebral) ganglion near the target organ

37
Q

does the formation of a sphlancnic nerve still use the white and grey ramus communicans

A

NO only uses white

38
Q

What do splanchnic nerves target

A

absominopelvic viscera

39
Q

sympathetic splanchnic nerves synapse in

A

prevertebral ganglia

40
Q

Thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves

A

-Greater (T5-9)
-Lesser (T10-11)
-Least/Lumbar (T12-L2)

41
Q

Greater splanchnic –>

A

celiac ganglion

42
Q

Lesser splanchnic –>

A

superior mesenteric ganglion

43
Q

Least/Lumbar

A

inferior mesenteric ganglion

44
Q

what only recieves sympathetic nerve activity

A

sweat glands and limb vasculature

45
Q

what does the PNS target

A

-viscera of head and neck
-abdominal and thoracic viscera
-pelvic viscera

46
Q

Length of preganglionic neuron vs postganglionic neurons in parasymp NS

A

pre = long
post = short

47
Q

where are parasympathetic ganglia located

A

near or within the target organ

48
Q

where are sympathetic ganglia located

A

close to vertebral column

49
Q

PNS, cranial outflow

A

preganglionic cell bodies within brainstem cranial nuclei; axons travel via CN: III, VII, IX, X

50
Q

Cranial outflow had and neck

A

-preganglionic neurons leave brainstem from parasympathetic nuclei
-synapse on post-ganglionic neuron within parasympathetic ganaglia

51
Q

what happens when the sublingual/submandibular glands are stimulated

A

increase secretion of saliva

52
Q

what happens when the lacrimal gland is stimulated

A

increased tear production

53
Q

what ganglion must be reached for the lacrimal gland to be stimulated

A

pterygopalatine ganglion

54
Q

facial nerve: what ganglion must be reached for the submandibular and sublinguinal glads to be stimulated

A

submandibular ganglion

55
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the eye

A

Brainstem -> CN III -> Ciliary ganglion -> Ciliary muscles & sphincter pupilae of eye (opens pupil)

56
Q

cranial outflow: thoracic and abdominal viscera

A

-preganglionic neurons leave the brainstem via CN X
-supplies parasympathetics to pharaynx, larynx, and midgut structures
-preganglionic neurons synapse on ganglia within or close to target organ

57
Q

Sacral Outflow: distal GI tract and pelvic viscera

A

-preganglionic neuronal cell bodies loacted in spinal segments S2-S4
-axons travel via pelvic splanchnic nerves
-preganglionic fibers synapse within ganglia in or near effector organ to supply targets

58
Q

which nerve supplies parasymp innervation to lungs

A

CN X

59
Q

Visceral afferent fibers conduct:

A

sensory information from autonomic targets to the CNS

60
Q

Are visceral affterent fibres parasymp or symp?

A

neither; they are distinct from the ANS and are not considered either

61
Q

visceral reflexes

A

simplest functional units in the autonomic NS

62
Q

visceral reflex arcs

A

consist of a sensory nerve and visceral motor neurons

63
Q

Enteric NS

A

-network of neurons located in the walls of the digestive tract
-recieves regulatory signals via sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
*can operate independant ly of the other two via self-regulation

Year 2 - Semester 2 ANAT 316 (21 decks)

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