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Year 2 - Semester 2 ANAT 316 > Lecture 1 &2: skull & Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 1 &2: skull & Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the neurocranium (braincase)?

A

8 bones

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2
Q

How many bones are in the viscerocranium (facial skeleton)?

A

14 bones

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3
Q

List the bones in the neurocranium

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal x2
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal x2
  5. Ethmoid
  6. Sphenoid
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4
Q

List the bones in the viscerocranium

A
  1. Maxillae x2
  2. Palatine Bones x2
  3. Nasal Bones x2
  4. Inferior Nasal Conchae x2
  5. Zygomatic Bones x2
  6. Lacrimal bones x2
  7. Vomer
  8. Mandible
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5
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22 bones

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6
Q

Bones that make up the orbit of the eye

A
  1. Palatine
  2. Lacrimal
  3. Ethmoid
  4. Zygomatic
  5. Frontal
  6. Sphenoid
  7. Maxillae
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7
Q

Functions of the neurocranium

A
  • surrounds and protects the brain
  • articulates with the vertebral column
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8
Q

Functions of the viscerocranium

A
  • supports and protects entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts
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9
Q

Accessory bones

A

7 bones for hearing and muscle attachment

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10
Q

External features of the temporal bone (4)

A
  1. External acoustic meatus
  2. Mastoid process
  3. Styloid process
  4. Zygomatic process
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11
Q

Purpose of mandibular fossa

A

articulation with the mandible

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12
Q

Features of the occipital bone (2)

A
  1. Foramen magnum (passage of spinal cord)
  2. Occipital Condyle ( articulation with C1 atlas)
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13
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

-divide nasal cavity into left/right
-unpaired bone that formed part of the orbital wall, nasal cavity/septum

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14
Q

Features of the ethmoid bone

A

-crista galli
-superior nasal concha
-middle nasal concha
-cribiform plate

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15
Q

Crista Galli

A
  • perpendicular projection of ethmoid bone
    -acts as an anchoring point for membranes surrounding the brain (meninges)
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16
Q

Cribriform Plate

A

-branches of olfactory nerve pass through cribriform plate into nasal cavity to smell

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17
Q

Features of the Sphenoid bone

A
  1. Greater wing
  2. Lesser Wing
  3. Pterygoid processes (attachment for msucles)
  4. Sella Turcica (depression that houses pituitary gland)
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18
Q

Foramina of Sphenoid Bone

A

-Optic canal: CN II (optic nerve)
-Superior orbital fissure: CN III, IV, V1, VI
-Inferior orbital fissure
-Foramen rotundum: CN V2
-Foramen Ovale: CN V3
-Foramen Spinosum
-Foramen Lacerum

** superior and inferior orbital fissures connect

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19
Q

Foramina of Temporal Bone

A

-Carotid canal: Internal Carotid atery
-Internal Acoustic Meatus: CN VIII

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20
Q

Occipital Skull Foramina

A

-Jugular Foramen: (occipital & temporal bones) CN IX, X, XI
-Hypoglossal canal: (occipital bone) CN XII
-Foramen Magnum

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21
Q

What type of joints are the sutures of the skull?

A

fibrous (immovable)

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22
Q

4 boundaries between skull bones:

A
  1. Sagittal
  2. Lamboid
  3. Coronal
  4. Squamous
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23
Q

Lamboid suture separates

A

occipital bone from parietal bones

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24
Q

Saggital suture separates

A

parietal bones

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25
Coronal suture separates
frontal bone from parietal bones
26
Cranial Fossae
Floor of cranial cavity divided into 3 fossae: 1. Anterior cranial fossa 2. Middle cranial fossa 3. Posterior cranial fossa
27
Anterior Cranial fossa
fromtal lobe of brain -frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
28
Middle Cranial Fossa
Temporal lobes of brain -sphenoid, temporal bones
29
Posterior Cranial Fossa
cerebellum -occipital, temporal bones
30
Features of the viscerocranium that can be seen laterally(5)
-zygomatic -maxilla -mandible -nasal -lacrimal
31
5 features of the mandible
1. Ramus 2. Body 3. Angle 4. Condylar process 5. Coronoid process
32
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
-only moveable joint of skull -articulates between condylar process and mandibular fossa
33
bones seen inferiorly on viscerocranium
-zygomatic bones -zygomatic arches -maxillae -incisive foramen -palatine bones -vomer
34
what makes up the hard palate
-palatine process of maxilla and palatine bones
35
Vomer placement
superior to maxilla but inferior to palatine bones
36
2 types of accessory bones
ossicles and the hyoid bone
37
ossicles
-small bones involved in hearing -housed in temporal bone -3 in each middle ear
38
3 names of ossicles
1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes
39
Function of the ossicles
vibrate in response to sound waves
40
Hyoid Bone
-no articulation with other bones (floating) -attachment site for the tongue and muscles involved in swallowing
41
Two features of the hyoid bone
lesser horns and greater horns
42
How many neurons are in the body
approx 100 billion
43
What are the two cell types of the nervous system?
Neurons and Neuroglia
44
Major components of the nervous system (6)
1. Brain 2. Spinal Cord 3. Cranial Nerves ' 4. Spinal Nerves 5. Ganglia 6. Sensory Receptors
45
Two major anatomical divisions of the nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
46
What is a nerve
bundle of axons (nerve cell fibres) located outside the brain and spinal cord
47
What does the CNS consist of?
Brain and Spinal Cord
48
What does the PNS consist of?
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors
49
Cranial Nerves
-12 pairs (I-XII) -emerge from the base of the brain
50
Spinal Nerves
-31 pairs of nerves -emerge from the spinal cord
51
Ganglia
-clusters of neuron cell bodies -located outside of the CNS -relay station for nerves; they come here to communicate and send signals to the CNS
52
Sensory Receptors
-monitor changes in the environment -skin, eyes, nose, muscles etc -can be found anywhere that can detect a change
53
Functional organization of the nervous system
-sensory function (input) -Integrative function (control) -motor function (output)
54
Sensory Function
-sensory receptors detect internal and external stimuli -sensory (afferent) neurons transmit information to CNS
55
Integrative Function
-interneurons analyze sensory information -perception (conscious awareness) of stimuli
56
Motor Function
-motor (efferent) neurons respons to integration -Initiate actions in effector organs (muscles or glands)
57
Where are interneurons located
located in spinal cord in CNS
58
Divisions of the nervous system
-Nervous system divided into: PNS and CNS CNS divides into: brain and spinal cord PNS divides into: Somatic NS and autonomic NS Autonomic divides into: Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS
59
Somatic Sensory Nerves
-convey information to the CNS from sensory receptors -Input of information to the CNS for integration
60
Somatic Motor Neurons
-only responds to skeletal muscle -convey information from the CNS to skeletal muscles -Output of information from the CNS for muscular contraction
61
Somatic Nervous System
Regulates voluntary control of skeletal muscles
62
Sympathetic Nervous System
-increase in activity and metabolic rate -"fight-or-flight" response
63
Examples that prove sympathetic NS has activated
-dilate pupils -increase HR -inhibit intestinal activity
64
Parasympathetic Nervous System
-decrease in activity and metabolic rate -"rest-or-digest" response
65
Examples that prove parasympathetic NS has activated
-constrict pupils -decrease HR -stimulate intestinal activity
66
Neurons
-basic structural and functional units of the nervous system -form complex processing networks -transfer information and processing information
67
Neuroglia
-surround neurons at all times -smaller and more abundant -support nourish, and protect neurons -Do not participate in transfer of information
68
Which division of the NS is responsible for reaching for a glass of water
somatic
69
Which division of the NS is responsible for preparing to response to an unexpected knock at the door
sympathetic
70
Which division of the NS is responsible for integrating sensory information
CNS
71
Cerebrum (telencephalon)
-largest and most anterior part of the brain (encephalon) -2 hemispheres separated by a fissure -initiates and manages conscious thoughts and actions
72
What does the cerebrum allow us to do
-read -write -speak -logic -remember past and plan for future -imagination
73
What makes up the brainstem
Midbrain, pons & medulla
74
Components of the Diencephalon
-Epithalamus -Hypothalamus -Thalamus
75
Structure of the Cerebrum
-white matter -grey matter -gyrus -sulcus
76
What is the cerebral cortex
outer layer that covers cerebrum
77
Features of the Cerebrum
Longitudinal fissure and Corpus Callosum
78
Longitudinal Fissure
separates right and left cerebral hemispheres
79
Corpus Callosum
connects right and left cerebral hemispheres (connection between both sides)
80
Lobes of the Cerebrum
-Frontal -Temporal -Parietal -Occipital -Insular
81
Frontal Lobe
-anterior -lergest lobe -executive functioning (planning, mood, decision making)
82
Temporal Lobe
-Inferior -auditory processing -verbal responses
83
Parietal Lobe
-superior/posterior -responds to stimuli -creates mental map of position in space
84
Occipital Lobe
-Inferior/posterior -vision
85
Insular Lobe
-automatic processing responses **deep to cerebrum
86
Cerebrum Lobe Divisions
-central sulcus -Parieto-occipital sulcus -Lateral sulcus
87
Central sulcus
divides Frontal and Parietal lobes *middle of cerebrum and travels from left to right to separate lobes
88
Parieto-occipital Lobes
separates Pariteal and Occipital Lobes
89
Lateral Sulcus
divides frontal and temporal lobes
90
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
progressive, degenerative brain disorder caused by concussions or repeated head injuries -atrophy of gray white matter
91
Cerebellum Features
Folia (Gray Matter) and Arbor Vitae (White Matter)
92
Purpose of the cerebellum
-coordinates voluntary movements -regulates posture and balance
93
Cerebellum Structure
-cerebellar hemispheres separated by vermis -Cerebellar peduncles (3); information highway
94
Cerebellum Orientation
-Falx cerebri; travels through long fissure -Flax cerebelli; restricts movement of cerebrum and cerebellum in the skull -Transverse Fissure -Tentorium cerebelli
95
Cerebellar Ataxai
-uncoordinated movements due to lesion/damage to cerebellum -causes stroke, alcohol misuse, tumor, multiple sclerosis, genetic disorders -damage to cerebellum and/or its cerebral connections

Year 2 - Semester 2 ANAT 316 (21 decks)

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