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Year 2 - Semester 2 ANAT 316 > Lecture 1 &2: skull & Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 1 &2: skull & Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the neurocranium (braincase)?

A

8 bones

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2
Q

How many bones are in the viscerocranium (facial skeleton)?

A

14 bones

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3
Q

List the bones in the neurocranium

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal x2
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal x2
  5. Ethmoid
  6. Sphenoid
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4
Q

List the bones in the viscerocranium

A
  1. Maxillae x2
  2. Palatine Bones x2
  3. Nasal Bones x2
  4. Inferior Nasal Conchae x2
  5. Zygomatic Bones x2
  6. Lacrimal bones x2
  7. Vomer
  8. Mandible
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5
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22 bones

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6
Q

Bones that make up the orbit of the eye

A
  1. Palatine
  2. Lacrimal
  3. Ethmoid
  4. Zygomatic
  5. Frontal
  6. Sphenoid
  7. Maxillae
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7
Q

Functions of the neurocranium

A
  • surrounds and protects the brain
  • articulates with the vertebral column
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8
Q

Functions of the viscerocranium

A
  • supports and protects entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts
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9
Q

Accessory bones

A

7 bones for hearing and muscle attachment

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10
Q

External features of the temporal bone (4)

A
  1. External acoustic meatus
  2. Mastoid process
  3. Styloid process
  4. Zygomatic process
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11
Q

Purpose of mandibular fossa

A

articulation with the mandible

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12
Q

Features of the occipital bone (2)

A
  1. Foramen magnum (passage of spinal cord)
  2. Occipital Condyle ( articulation with C1 atlas)
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13
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

-divide nasal cavity into left/right
-unpaired bone that formed part of the orbital wall, nasal cavity/septum

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14
Q

Features of the ethmoid bone

A

-crista galli
-superior nasal concha
-middle nasal concha
-cribiform plate

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15
Q

Crista Galli

A
  • perpendicular projection of ethmoid bone
    -acts as an anchoring point for membranes surrounding the brain (meninges)
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16
Q

Cribriform Plate

A

-branches of olfactory nerve pass through cribriform plate into nasal cavity to smell

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17
Q

Features of the Sphenoid bone

A
  1. Greater wing
  2. Lesser Wing
  3. Pterygoid processes (attachment for msucles)
  4. Sella Turcica (depression that houses pituitary gland)
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18
Q

Foramina of Sphenoid Bone

A

-Optic canal: CN II (optic nerve)
-Superior orbital fissure: CN III, IV, V1, VI
-Inferior orbital fissure
-Foramen rotundum: CN V2
-Foramen Ovale: CN V3
-Foramen Spinosum
-Foramen Lacerum

** superior and inferior orbital fissures connect

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19
Q

Foramina of Temporal Bone

A

-Carotid canal: Internal Carotid atery
-Internal Acoustic Meatus: CN VIII

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20
Q

Occipital Skull Foramina

A

-Jugular Foramen: (occipital & temporal bones) CN IX, X, XI
-Hypoglossal canal: (occipital bone) CN XII
-Foramen Magnum

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21
Q

What type of joints are the sutures of the skull?

A

fibrous (immovable)

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22
Q

4 boundaries between skull bones:

A
  1. Sagittal
  2. Lamboid
  3. Coronal
  4. Squamous
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23
Q

Lamboid suture separates

A

occipital bone from parietal bones

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24
Q

Saggital suture separates

A

parietal bones

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25
Q

Coronal suture separates

A

frontal bone from parietal bones

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26
Q

Cranial Fossae

A

Floor of cranial cavity divided into 3 fossae:
1. Anterior cranial fossa
2. Middle cranial fossa
3. Posterior cranial fossa

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27
Q

Anterior Cranial fossa

A

fromtal lobe of brain
-frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid

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28
Q

Middle Cranial Fossa

A

Temporal lobes of brain
-sphenoid, temporal bones

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29
Q

Posterior Cranial Fossa

A

cerebellum
-occipital, temporal bones

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30
Q

Features of the viscerocranium that can be seen laterally(5)

A

-zygomatic
-maxilla
-mandible
-nasal
-lacrimal

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31
Q

5 features of the mandible

A
  1. Ramus
  2. Body
  3. Angle
  4. Condylar process
  5. Coronoid process
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32
Q

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

-only moveable joint of skull
-articulates between condylar process and mandibular fossa

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33
Q

bones seen inferiorly on viscerocranium

A

-zygomatic bones
-zygomatic arches
-maxillae
-incisive foramen
-palatine bones
-vomer

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34
Q

what makes up the hard palate

A

-palatine process of maxilla and palatine bones

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35
Q

Vomer placement

A

superior to maxilla but inferior to palatine bones

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36
Q

2 types of accessory bones

A

ossicles and the hyoid bone

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37
Q

ossicles

A

-small bones involved in hearing
-housed in temporal bone
-3 in each middle ear

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38
Q

3 names of ossicles

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
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39
Q

Function of the ossicles

A

vibrate in response to sound waves

40
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

-no articulation with other bones (floating)
-attachment site for the tongue and muscles involved in swallowing

41
Q

Two features of the hyoid bone

A

lesser horns and greater horns

42
Q

How many neurons are in the body

A

approx 100 billion

43
Q

What are the two cell types of the nervous system?

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

44
Q

Major components of the nervous system (6)

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal Cord
  3. Cranial Nerves ‘
  4. Spinal Nerves
  5. Ganglia
  6. Sensory Receptors
45
Q

Two major anatomical divisions of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

46
Q

What is a nerve

A

bundle of axons (nerve cell fibres) located outside the brain and spinal cord

47
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

48
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors

49
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

-12 pairs (I-XII)
-emerge from the base of the brain

50
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

-31 pairs of nerves
-emerge from the spinal cord

51
Q

Ganglia

A

-clusters of neuron cell bodies
-located outside of the CNS
-relay station for nerves; they come here to communicate and send signals to the CNS

52
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

-monitor changes in the environment
-skin, eyes, nose, muscles etc
-can be found anywhere that can detect a change

53
Q

Functional organization of the nervous system

A

-sensory function (input)
-Integrative function (control)
-motor function (output)

54
Q

Sensory Function

A

-sensory receptors detect internal and external stimuli
-sensory (afferent) neurons transmit information to CNS

55
Q

Integrative Function

A

-interneurons analyze sensory information
-perception (conscious awareness) of stimuli

56
Q

Motor Function

A

-motor (efferent) neurons respons to integration
-Initiate actions in effector organs (muscles or glands)

57
Q

Where are interneurons located

A

located in spinal cord in CNS

58
Q

Divisions of the nervous system

A

-Nervous system divided into: PNS and CNS

CNS divides into: brain and spinal cord

PNS divides into: Somatic NS and autonomic NS

Autonomic divides into: Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS

59
Q

Somatic Sensory Nerves

A

-convey information to the CNS from sensory receptors
-Input of information to the CNS for integration

60
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons

A

-only responds to skeletal muscle
-convey information from the CNS to skeletal muscles
-Output of information from the CNS for muscular contraction

61
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Regulates voluntary control of skeletal muscles

62
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

-increase in activity and metabolic rate
-“fight-or-flight” response

63
Q

Examples that prove sympathetic NS has activated

A

-dilate pupils
-increase HR
-inhibit intestinal activity

64
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

-decrease in activity and metabolic rate
-“rest-or-digest” response

65
Q

Examples that prove parasympathetic NS has activated

A

-constrict pupils
-decrease HR
-stimulate intestinal activity

66
Q

Neurons

A

-basic structural and functional units of the nervous system
-form complex processing networks
-transfer information and processing information

67
Q

Neuroglia

A

-surround neurons at all times
-smaller and more abundant
-support nourish, and protect neurons
-Do not participate in transfer of information

68
Q

Which division of the NS is responsible for reaching for a glass of water

A

somatic

69
Q

Which division of the NS is responsible for preparing to response to an unexpected knock at the door

A

sympathetic

70
Q

Which division of the NS is responsible for integrating sensory information

A

CNS

71
Q

Cerebrum (telencephalon)

A

-largest and most anterior part of the brain (encephalon)
-2 hemispheres separated by a fissure
-initiates and manages conscious thoughts and actions

72
Q

What does the cerebrum allow us to do

A

-read
-write
-speak
-logic
-remember past and plan for future
-imagination

73
Q

What makes up the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons & medulla

74
Q

Components of the Diencephalon

A

-Epithalamus
-Hypothalamus
-Thalamus

75
Q

Structure of the Cerebrum

A

-white matter
-grey matter
-gyrus
-sulcus

76
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

outer layer that covers cerebrum

77
Q

Features of the Cerebrum

A

Longitudinal fissure and Corpus Callosum

78
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

separates right and left cerebral hemispheres

79
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects right and left cerebral hemispheres (connection between both sides)

80
Q

Lobes of the Cerebrum

A

-Frontal
-Temporal
-Parietal
-Occipital
-Insular

81
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

-anterior
-lergest lobe
-executive functioning (planning, mood, decision making)

82
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

-Inferior
-auditory processing
-verbal responses

83
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

-superior/posterior
-responds to stimuli
-creates mental map of position in space

84
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

-Inferior/posterior
-vision

85
Q

Insular Lobe

A

-automatic processing responses
**deep to cerebrum

86
Q

Cerebrum Lobe Divisions

A

-central sulcus
-Parieto-occipital sulcus
-Lateral sulcus

87
Q

Central sulcus

A

divides Frontal and Parietal lobes

*middle of cerebrum and travels from left to right to separate lobes

88
Q

Parieto-occipital Lobes

A

separates Pariteal and Occipital Lobes

89
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

divides frontal and temporal lobes

90
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

A

progressive, degenerative brain disorder caused by concussions or repeated head injuries

-atrophy of gray white matter

91
Q

Cerebellum Features

A

Folia (Gray Matter) and Arbor Vitae (White Matter)

92
Q

Purpose of the cerebellum

A

-coordinates voluntary movements
-regulates posture and balance

93
Q

Cerebellum Structure

A

-cerebellar hemispheres separated by vermis
-Cerebellar peduncles (3); information highway

94
Q

Cerebellum Orientation

A

-Falx cerebri; travels through long fissure
-Flax cerebelli; restricts movement of cerebrum and cerebellum in the skull
-Transverse Fissure
-Tentorium cerebelli

95
Q

Cerebellar Ataxai

A

-uncoordinated movements due to lesion/damage to cerebellum
-causes stroke, alcohol misuse, tumor, multiple sclerosis, genetic disorders
-damage to cerebellum and/or its cerebral connections

Year 2 - Semester 2 ANAT 316 (21 decks)

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