1. Metabolic 2. Hematological 3. Digestive

Lecture 19: GI III Flashcards by Elle Chapman

Accessory digestive organs

-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas
-salivary glands

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purpose of accessory digestive organs

-produce, store and secrete digestive enzymes and buffers

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Liver

-largest visceral organ

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functions of liver

Metabolic
Hematological
Digestive

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metabolic purpose of liver

hepatocytes regulate circulating levels of nutrients; remove metabolic waste and toxins

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Hematological purpose of liver

acts as a blood resivoir, filters circulating debris

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digestive purpose of liver

synthesizes and secretes bile

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location of the liver

immediately inferior to the diaphragm, in the right upper abdomen. the liver sits superior and lateral to the stomach, right kidney and intestines

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Surfaces of the liver

-diaphragmatic
-visceral

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diaphragmatic surface of the liver

-superior and anterior surfaces, smooth and follows curve of diaphragm and body wall

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Bare area of liver

area of liver in direct contact with the diaphragm, no visceral peritoneum

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visceral surface of the liver

posterior and inferior surfaces, has impressions from the stomach, small intestine, right kidney, and large intestine

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Lobes of the liver

-right
-left
-caudate lobe
-quadrate lobe

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Ligaments of the Liver

-Falciform ligament
-coronary ligament
-right & left triangular ligaments
-round ligament

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Falciform ligament

attaches liver to anterior body wall and divides the liver into L & R lobes

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Coronary ligament

suspends liver from the diaphragm

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R & L triangular ligaments

on superior aspect, towards lateral body wall

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Round Ligament

thickening of inferior margin of falciform ligament, embryological remnant of umbilical vein

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Purpose of the gallbladder

-stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver

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purpose of bile

-helps in the digestion of dietary lipids through emulsification

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location of the gallbladder

-hollow, pear shaped muscular sac on the right visceral surface of the liver
-lateral to stomach
-closely related to duodenum

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Parts of the gallbladder (4)

Cystic duct
Neck
Infundibulum
Fundus

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ducts that connect the liver and gallbladder

-R&L hepatic duct
-common hepatic duct
-cystic duct
-common bile duct

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what combines to form the common hepatic duct

L&R hepatic ducts

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what combines to form the common bile duct

common hepatic duct and the cystic duct

where does the common bile duct empty

duodenum

Gallbladder arterial supply

cystic artery (branch of hepatic artery proper)

Gallbladder venous drainage

cystic vein into the hepatic portal vein

contents of the porta hepatis

-hepatic portal vein -hepatic artery proper -common hepatic duct

what is the porta hepatis

hilium of the liver

BS & VD of the liver

BS: hepatic artery proper VD: hepatic portal vein

origin of the artery in porta hepatis

abdominal aorta > celiac trunk > common hepatic artery > hepatic artery proper

origin of the vein in porta hepatis

union of the: SMV & splenic vein, poaterior to the pancreas form the hepatic portal vein

the hepatic portal vein carries blood from the

-small intestine -large intestine -stomach -pancreas -gallbladder -spleen

Hepatic portal system

-connection between two capillary beds -nutrient rich venous blood drains from the stomach and intestines and travels to the liver for processing

steps of hepatic portal system

1. small intestine absorbs products of digestion 2. Nutrient molecules travel in hepatic portal vein to liver 3. Liver monitors blood content 4. Blood enters general circulation by way of the hepatic veins, which empty into the IVC

Processing at the liver

-lobules are the functional unit of the liver -hexagonal -at the center of each lobule there is a central vein at each corner theres a portal area containnig a portal triad

which direction does blood flow

toward the central vein

the portal area contains the triad of:

-a small brach of the hepatic portal vein -a small branch of the hepatic artery proper -a bile duct

what happens as blood flows towards the center of the portal area

hepatocytes absorb and secrete substances, altering the blood entering systemic circulation

central veins coalesce into

hepatic veins

path from hepatic veins

filteres blood passes from central veins to hepatic veins, drains into the IVC, emptying into right atrium of heart

path of alcohol consumption

1. alcohol passes from the oral cavity into esophagus then stomach 2. Stomach and small intestine absorb alcohol 3. hepatic portal venin carries blood to liver 4. enzymes metabolize alcohol in the liver 5. Hepatic veins carry the blood to the IVC and go back into systemic cuirculation

what direction does bile flow

towards portal areas (opposite to blood)

what produces bile

hepatocytes

what does bile enter at edge of portal area

bile duct branch

path of bile in liver lobule

1. hepatocytes produce bile 2. Bile canaliculi carry bile to the bile duct of the closest portal area 3. bile duct leads to the rest of the duct system

hepatic artery proper

delivers oxygenated blood to the liver

hepatic portal vein

delivers deoxygenated, but nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract

common hepatic duct

carries bile produced by the liver away

exocrine funcitons of the pancreas

-produces digestive enzymes and alkaline buffers to neutralize acidic chyme -duct system within pancreas carries the fluid to the duodenum

endocrine function of pancreas

-produce hormones like insulin

substance secretions exocrine vs endocrine

exocrine: substances are secreted into duct system to an epithelial surface endocrine: susstances are secreted into interstitial fluid and then into the blood stream

appearance of pancreas

-15cm -pink/grey colour

location of pancreas

-posterior to stomach -head of pancrease is punched in curve of duodenum -extends left towards the spleen

features of the pancreas

1. accessory pancreatic duct 2. pancreatic duct 3. ucinate process

BS & VD to the pancreas

BS: branche sof the splenic artery and the pancreaticduodenal artery VD: splenic vein

where are secretions from the gallbladder and pancreas transported

the duodenum via duct systems

fluid enters the duodenum via

papilla (major and minor)

minor papilla

only pancrease fluid enters here (from accessory pancreatic duct)

what empties into the ampulla of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla

pancreatic duct & common bile duct