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Year 2 - Semester 2 ANAT 316 > Lecture 3 & 4: Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 3 & 4: Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers does the scalp have?

A

5 layers

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2
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Aponeurosis
  4. Loose connective tissue
  5. Periosteum
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3
Q

What does the Scalp Proper Consist of?

A

3 superficial layers:
1. Skin
2. Connective tissue
3. Aponeurosis
*all 3 layers are connected and move together

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4
Q

4 aponeurosis of the skull

A

-frontalis
-Epicranial aponeururosis
-occipitofrontalis
-occipitalis

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5
Q

what is the main function of the aponeurosis of the skull?

A

help prevent stretching of the scalp

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6
Q

fucntion of frontalis aponeurosis

A

raise eyebrows and scrunch forehead

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7
Q

function of the occipitalis aponeurosis

A

retract scalp

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8
Q

Contents of the deep scalp

A

Loose connective tissue and Periosteum

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9
Q

What is considered the danger zone of the scalp?

A

the Loose connective tissue; because emmissary veins (bridging veins) in the loose connective tissue provide a potential infection pathway into the cranial vault

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10
Q

What are the meninges for?

A

3 layers of connective tissue to provide protection and support to the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

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11
Q

Name the meninges from superficial to deep

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
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12
Q

Dura mater

A

-thick layer of meninges deep to the calvarium (skull cap)

-encloses dural venous sinuses, major structures that drain blood from the cranial vault

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13
Q

The three invaginations that the dura mater forms within the cranial vault

A
  • Falx cerebri
  • Tentorium Cerebelli
  • Fslx Cerebelli
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14
Q

What does the falx cerebri attach anteriorly

A

the crista galli of the ethmoid bone

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15
Q

2 layers of the dura mater

A
  1. Periosteal layer
  2. Meningeal layer (deeper)
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16
Q

what is the purpose of the layers of the dura mater splitting?

A

to form the dural venous sinuses

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17
Q

2 spaces of the dura mater

A
  1. Epidural space
  2. Subdural space
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18
Q

Key characteristic of the 2 spaces of the dura mater

A

they are POTENTIAL spaces; they are not found unless trauma/disease cause separation of the 2 layers

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19
Q

Where does the dura mater split

A

at the edge of the skull and at the foramen magnum

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20
Q

Where does each layer of the dura mater travel?

A

Periosteal layer: edge of the skull
Meningeal Layer: around the spinal cord

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21
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

-sits deep to the dura, on the dura

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22
Q

where is the subarachnoid space?

A

subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia; thsi contains CSF

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23
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid purpose

A

-helps metabolically (exchange medium) and physically (buoyancy and cushion) support brain

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24
Q

Arachnoid mater Granulations

A

drain CSF through the dura

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25
Q

Arachnoid mater trabeculae

A

support the arachnoid mater (against underlying pia)

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26
Q

Pia Mater

A

-closely covers cortical sulci and gyri

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27
Q

Subpial space

A

exists between Pia and Cortex (potential space)

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28
Q

Spinal Meninges

A

3 layers of tissue to provide protection and support to the spinal cord:
-Dura mater
-Arachnoid mater
-Pia Mater

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29
Q

What do the dura and arachnoid meninges cover to physically support and protect

A

Spinal Nerve Roots

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30
Q

Denticulate Ligaments

A

-from the pia and connect to dura for cord stability

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31
Q

What does the epidural space contain

A

fat and venous plexuses

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32
Q

what does the subarachnoid space contain

A

CSF

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33
Q

what are the two potential spaces

A

subdural and subpial

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34
Q

what are the 4 ventricles responsible for

A

deep CSF flow

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35
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

space assocaited with the cerebrum (telencephalon)

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36
Q

features of the lateral ventricles

A

-Anterior horn
-Inferior horn
-Posterior horn
-Body
-Atrium
-interventricular foramen

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37
Q

what does the body of the lateral ventricle connect

A

-anterior horn and atrium

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38
Q

what does the atrium of the lateral ventricles connect

A

all 3 horns

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39
Q

Interventricular foramen

A

helps with CSF flow from lateral ventricles

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40
Q

third ventricle

A

space associated with the thalamus and the hypothalamus (the diencephalon)

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41
Q

Features of the third ventricle

A

-Anterior wall
-Roof
-Posterior wall
-Lateral walls (2)
-floor
-interthalamic adhesion
-cerebral aqueduct

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42
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

connects the third and fourth ventricles passing through the midbrain into the pons (where the fouth ventricle is located

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43
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

space associated with the pons (the myelencephalon)

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44
Q

Features of the fourth ventricle

A

-Foramina of luschka
-Foramen of magendie

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45
Q

What is beyond the fourth ventricle

A

-the central canal continues all the way down the spinal cord

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46
Q

Purpose of the central canal

A

provides metabolic support to the deep spinal cord

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47
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

abnormal enlargement of the ventricles cause by a buildup of CSF

48
Q

WHat can hydrocephalus be caused by

A

blockages in the ventricular formaina

49
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

collection of ependymal cells found on the walls of all 4 ventricles in specific areas
*produces CSF

50
Q

path of ventricular flow

A
  1. Lateral Ventricle
  2. Interventricular Foramen
  3. Third Ventricle
  4. Cerebral aqueduct
  5. Fourth ventricle
  6. Foramina of Luschka, Central CAnal, Foramen of Magendie
51
Q

Exiting the ventricles

A

CSF exits into small subarachnoid spaces called cisterns, then flows along the outer cortices of the cerebrum and cerebellum

52
Q

Arachnoid Granulations

A

-CSF exits through subarachnoid space through arachnoid granulations which pierce through dura to drain CSF into dural venous sinuses

53
Q

Cranial CSF Flow

A
  1. Choroid Plexus
  2. Lateral Ventricle
  3. Interventricular foramen
  4. Third ventricle
  5. Cerebral Aqueduct
  6. Fourth Ventricle
  7. Median/Lateral Apertures
  8. Subarachnoid Cisterns
  9. Bathes Superficial Brain
  10. Arachnoid Granulations
  11. Dural Venous Sinuses
54
Q

Spinal CSF flow

A
  1. Choroid PLexus
  2. Lateral VEntricle
  3. Interventricular foramen
  4. Third ventricle
  5. Cerebral Aqueduct
  6. Fourth Ventricle
  7. Central Canal
55
Q

Three major branches of the aorta

A

-brachiocephalic trunk
-Left Common carotid artery
-Left Subclavian artery

56
Q

The brachiocephalic trunk bifurcates into:

A

the right common carotid artery and the subclavian artery

57
Q

FOur major arteries to the brain

A

Common carotid artery –> Internal Carotid Artery

Subclavian artery –> Vertebral artery

58
Q

which artery runs through the vertebral foramina of the cervical vertebrae

A

the vertebral artery

59
Q

Which opening of the skull does the internal carotid artery run through

A

carotid canal

60
Q

which opening of the skull does the vertebral artery run through

A

anterior portion of foramen magnum

61
Q

Basilar artery

A

-left and right vertebral arteries anastomose to form the basilar artery
-sits in basilar groove on pons
-gives off pontine arteries to supply the pons

62
Q

Bifurcation of basilar artery

A

basilalr artery bifurcates into 2 posterior cerebral arteries; these supply the posterior cerebral cortex

*both arteries supply respective sides

63
Q

Where does the circle of willis supply blood to

A

cerebrum

64
Q

Circle of Willis order

A
  1. Basilar artery
  2. Posterior cerebral arteries
  3. Posterior communicating ateries
  4. Internal Carotid arteries
  5. Middle cerebral arteries
  6. Anterior cerebral arteries
  7. Anterior communicating artery
65
Q

In the circle of willis, what does the internal carotid artery give off?

A

the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, and the posterior communicating artery

66
Q

Purpose of communicating arteries

A

provide connections

67
Q

In the circle of willis, what are the anterior cerebral arteries connected by

A

anterior communicating artery

68
Q

smallest artery in circle of willis

A

anterior communicating artery

69
Q

What supplies blood to the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres

A

middle cerebral artery

70
Q

Purpose of the circle of willis

A

in the case of a clot, in a vertebral or internal carotid artery, cerebral blood flow is maintained therefore it is a compensatory mechanism

71
Q

Venous Drainage

A

dural venous sinuses that drain the inner structures of the cranial vault

72
Q

Superior Sagittal Sinus

A

lies along mid sagittal plane in falx cerebri

73
Q

order of venous drainage

A
  1. Superior sagittal sinus
  2. Confluence of sinuses
  3. Transverse sinuses
74
Q

Confluence of sinuses

A

multiple sinuses drain into this area; splits into transverse sinuses

75
Q

where does the transverse sinuses sit

A

in the tentorium cerebelli

76
Q

WHne does the transverse sinus become sigmoid sinus

A

when exiting tentorium cerebelli

77
Q

where does sigmoid sinus drain

A

into the internal jugular vein

78
Q

What is the jugular bulb?

A

it is a superior enlargement of the internal jugular vein

79
Q

Cavernous Sinus

A

venous plexus sitting lateral to body of sphenoid bone that drain eye, parts of cerebral cortex and pituitary gland

80
Q

what is the cavernous sinus pierced by

A

internal carotid artery

81
Q

Diencephalon

A

From brain stem to cerebrum and surrounds the third ventricle:

-Epithalamus
-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus

82
Q

Thalamus

A

-makes up 80% of diencephalon
-major relay olfactory centre
-paired oval masses of nuclei
connected by interthalamic adhesion

83
Q

Where do axons pass through in the thalamus

A

internal capsule

84
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-controls and integrates autonomic activities
-major regulator of homeostasis
-produces hormones
-creates caracadian rhythyms

85
Q

What is inferior to the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum and pituitary gland

86
Q

Epithalamus

A

contains the habenular nuclei and pineal gland

87
Q

Habenular nuclei function

A

olfaction and emotional response to others

88
Q

Pineal gland function

A

part of the endocrine that secretes melatonin

89
Q

Components of the brainstem

A

Midbrain, Pons and Medulla Oblongata

90
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

-continuation of the superior aspect of spinal cord
-forms inferior part of the brainstem
-contains all sensory (ascending) and motor (decending) tracts that connect the spinal cord to the brain

91
Q

Pyramids of the medulla fucntion

A

-90% of axons cross to opposite side
-crossing is known as the decussation of pyramids
-allows for contralateral control

**explains how moving right hand uses the left side of the brain

92
Q

Pons

A

-superior to the medualla and anterior to the cerebellum
-contains a control center for respiration

93
Q

Midbrain

A

-extends upwards from pons to diencephalon
-involved in the auditory and visual pathway

94
Q

which part of the brainstem surrounds the cerebral aqueduct

A

midbrain

95
Q

features and function of the midbrain

A

Superior Colliculi: vision
Inferior Colliculi: Audition

96
Q

protective structures of the spinal cord

A

-vertebral column
-spinal meninges
-cerebrospinal fluid

97
Q

Makeup of the vertebral column

A

-7 cervical vertebrae
-12 thoracic vertebrae
-5 lumbar vertebrae
-5 fused sacral vertebrae
-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae

98
Q

Spinal Meninges

A

**continuous with cranial meninges
1. Dura Mater (outermost)
2. Arachnoid Mater (middle)
3. Pia mater (deepest)

99
Q

Where is the epidural space and what does it contain

A

between vertebral canal and dura and contains fat

100
Q

where is the subdural space and what does it contain

A

between dura mater and arachnoid mater and contains interstitial fluid

101
Q

where is the subarachnoid space and what does it contain

A

between arachnoid mater and pia mater and contains CSF

102
Q

where are denticulate ligaments

A

suspend spinal cord in dural sheath

103
Q

purpose of denticulate ligaments

A

membranous extensions of pia mater and fuse with arachnoid mater to protectand prevent sudden movements and displacement

104
Q

Spinal Cord enlargements

A
  1. Cervical enlargement
  2. Lumbosacral enlargement
105
Q

cervical enlargement

A

-C4-T1
-supplies upper extremeties

106
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A

-T9-T12
-supplies lower extremeties

107
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

-termination of the spinal cord
-located between first and second lumbar vertebrae

108
Q

Filum terminale

A

-extension of the pia mater
-attaches spinal cord to the coccyx.

109
Q

Cauda Equina

A

-lumbar, sacral % coccygeal spinal nerves
-base of vertebral column

110
Q

Lumbar Puncture

A

needle inserted into the lumbar cistern will pass among nerve roots, allowing safe sampling of CSF
-use L4 area as spinal cord has ended here
-flexed position to allow space between spinous processes

111
Q

features of internal structure of spinal cord

A

-posterior median sulcus
-white matter
-grey matter
-central canal (extends full length of spinal cord and contains CSF)
-anterior median fissure

112
Q

Grey matter of spinal cord

A

-posterior horn
-lateral horn
-anterior horn

113
Q

Posterior horn of grey matter

A

contains cell bodies and axons of nuclei for sensory function

114
Q

lateral horn of grey matter

A

contains autonomic nuclei to control smooth muscle for involuntary control

115
Q

anterior horn of grey matter

A

contains somatic motor nuclei for skeletal muscle

116
Q

white matter of the spinal cord

A

-posterior funiculus
-lateral funiculus
-anterior funiculus

117
Q
A

Year 2 - Semester 2 ANAT 316 (21 decks)

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