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Microbiology > Lecture 8 - Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Microbial Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

DNA makes RNA makes Proteins

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2
Q

transcription

A

transcribing DNA into RNA

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3
Q

translation

A

translating RNA into protein

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4
Q

What is the difference between transcription and translation?

A

transcription converts DNA into RNA which are BOTH nucleic acids
#samelanguage

Translation converts RNA into proteins.
RNA is made of nucleic acids wheras proteins are made of amino acids.
#differentlanguages

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5
Q

Describe Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

blue/green colored
hemolytic
flagellated
gram-negative
contains lots of Mg in cell membrane

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6
Q

Genome

A

describes ALL the genetic information in a cell

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7
Q

Where is the genome found in eukaryotic cells?

A

Chromosomes
Mitochondrial DNA
Chloroplast DNA

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8
Q

Where is the genome found in prokaryotic cells?

A

Chromosome
Plasmids
Chloroplast DNA

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9
Q

gene

A

a segment of a DNA molecule coding for a functional product (i.e. protein)

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10
Q

What are the monomers of DNA and RNA?

A

nucleotides

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11
Q

4 Nitrogenous Bases found in DNA

A

(ATCG)

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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12
Q

4 Nitrogenous Bases found in RNA

A

(AUCG)

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

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13
Q

How are the two strands of a DNA double helix held together?

A

Hydrogen Bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases on opposing strands of DNA

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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of a Nucleotide?

A

Nitrogenous Base(ATCGU) attached to a Sugar and Phosphate Backbone

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15
Q

Adenine binds to

A

Thymine (in DNA)
Uracil (in RNA)

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16
Q

Guanine binds to

A

Cytosine

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17
Q

Cytosine binds to

A

Guanine

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18
Q

Uracil binds to

A

Adenine

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19
Q

Thymine binds to

A

Adenine

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20
Q

Thymine is only found in

A

DNA

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21
Q

Uracil is only found in

A

RNA

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22
Q

genotype

A

the unique sequence of nucleotides in a gene

(i.e. AGCAACTAGCCT)

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23
Q

phenotype

A

the observable characteristic of a organism resulting from it expressed genotype

(i.e. green eyes, purple flowers, the presence of a flagella)

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24
Q

Are genes in eukaryotic DNA continuous or not continuous?

A

not-continuous

(there are exons and introns)

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25
Q

Are genes in prokaryotic DNA continuous or not continuous?

A

cotinuous

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26
Q

Exon

A

sections of eukaryotic DNA coding for a functional product

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27
Q

Introns

A

interrupting sequences of nucleotides within a eukaryotic gene that do not code for a functional product

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28
Q

Which is ultimately expressed? DNA found in introns or DNA found in Exons?

A

DNA found in Exons

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29
Q

DNA Replication

A

DNA is replicated in order for cells to divide and reproduce and for both daughter cells to have complete copies of the original DNA

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30
Q

Binary Fission

A

bacterial cell division/replication

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31
Q

Describe How DNA is Replicated

A

First, enzymes Gyrase and Helicase unwide and separate the two strands of DNA. Then DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to both of the original strands to form two new complete, double helix strands of DNA.

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32
Q

Semi-Conservative Model of DNA Replication

A

The replicated DNA include one strand from the original molecule and one strand that is completely new

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33
Q

DNA Helicase

A

unwinds the two strands of DNA in the double helix so there is room for transcription or translation to occur

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34
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

uses the original strand of DNA as a template to form a new complementary strand of DNA using base pairng

35
Q

In which type of cell does DNA replication occur bidirectionally?

A

Prokaryotic Cells
because their DNA is circular

36
Q

Origin of Replication

A

the point on a bacterial chromosome where DNA replication begins

37
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

38
Q

Function of PCR

A

rapidly replicate DNA in vitro

39
Q

in vitro

A

in a test tube

40
Q

How is PCR Accomplished?

A
  • High temps are used to denature and break apart the DNA double helix
  • Taq DNA Polymerase from the hyperthermophile Thermus aquaticus is used repeatedly to create new strands of DNA
  • The cycle is repeated to amplify the number of DNA strands
41
Q

Ingredients for PCR

A
  • Desired DNA to Copy
  • Nucleotides
  • Primers
  • Taq DNA Polymerase
  • Buffer
  • Thermocycler Device
42
Q

Describe a PCR Cycle

A

1 - Denaturing of DNA
2 - Annealing
3 - Extension/Elongation

43
Q

Often used in criminal investigations to test small amounts of DNA that were collected

A

PCR

44
Q

Often used to test for pathogens such as COVID

A

PCR

45
Q

RNA polymerase

A

uses complimentary base pairing to transcribe a strand of RNA from a strand of DNA

46
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

47
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

48
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

49
Q

Type of RNA that Undergoes Translation to Form a Protein

A

mRNA

50
Q

Type of RNA Used to Deliver Amino Acids to the Ribosome for Proteins to be Assembled

A

tRNA

51
Q

Type of RNA that Helps Make the Ribosome which is the Unit where Translation Occurs

A

rRNA

52
Q

pre-mRNA

A

RNA that still includes the introns

53
Q

How is pre-mRNA converted into mRNA?

A

introns are excised and the exons are spliced together to form mRNA

54
Q

How is mRNA translated?

A

The mRNA attaches to a ribosome. Next, tRNA will base pair with each codon (set of 3 consecutive nucleotides on the mRNA). Each tRNA carries a corresponding amino acid. As each codon is “read” the amino acids attached to the tRNA are bonded together to form a growing protein.

55
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

56
Q

In Eukaryotes, where does DNA replication occur?

A

Nucleus

57
Q

In Eukaryotes, where does RNA transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

58
Q

In Eukaryotes, where is pre-mRNA converted to mRNA?

A

Nucleus

59
Q

In Eukaryotes, where is mRNA translated?

A

Cytoplam

60
Q

In Prokaryotes, where is mRNA translated?

A

Cytoplam

61
Q

codon

A

set of 3 consecutive nucleotides on the mRNA whcih codes for a specific amino acid

62
Q

AUG codes for

A

methoinine

63
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG

64
Q

mutation

A

permanent change in the genotype which will be passed to offspring

65
Q

mutagens

A

cause mutations

66
Q

carcinogens

A

cause mutations that can cause cancer

67
Q

Point Mutation

A

substitution of one nucleotide for another

68
Q

Silent Mutation

A

the mutation in the DNA sequence does not change the amino acid coded for and therefore does not change the protein made

69
Q

Missense Mutation

A

the mutation in the DNA sequence changes the amino acid coded for. It may or may not significantly affect the function of the resulting protein.

70
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

the mutation in the DNA sequence does not code for an amino acid and consequently the protein is not fully formed and functions improperly or not at all

71
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

a nucleotide in the DNA sequence is deleted or an extra one is inserted which changes the reading frame of codons and consequently the sequence of amino acids

72
Q

3 Types of Horizontal Gene Transfer

A
  • Genetic Transformation
  • Conjugation
  • Transduction
73
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

the process in which an organism transfers genetic material to another organism that is NOT its offspring

74
Q

Transformation

A

a type of horizontal gene transfer where naked DNA in a solution is taken up by a bacteria and recombined into its chromosome

75
Q

Discovered Transformation of DNA

A

Frederick Griffith

76
Q

Conjugation

A

a type of horizontal gene transfer where a sex pillus is formed and connects two bacteria allowing the transfer of plasmids and genetic material from one bacteria to the other

77
Q

R factors

A

genes for antibiotic resistance

78
Q

Transduction

A

a type of horizontal gene transfer in which genes are transferred from a donor cell to a bacteria by a bacteriophage virus

79
Q

Method of Generalized Transduction

A

A bacteriophage injects its genetic material into a bacteria and causes the bacterial DNA to lyse. As new bacteriophages are formed inside the infected bacteria, some bacteriophages may include the lysed bacterial DNA. If that bacteriophage injects the bacterial DNA into another bacterial cell, that DNA can be incorporated into its chromosome.

(Note: This process is very random.)

80
Q

Specialized Transdction

A

Only certain bacterial genes are tranfered.

A phage injects its DNA into a bacteria. The phage DNA incorporates into the bacterial DNA forming a prophage. The prophage is incorrectly excised and and some bacterial DNA is stuck to it. The phage replicates and then the phages infect new host cells and in the process add the DNA from the original bacterial cell into the new bacterial cells.

81
Q

Transposons

A

DNA sequenes that move from one location in a genome to another. This results in mutations or an increase/decrease in the amount of genomic DNA.

82
Q

Discovered Transposons

A

Barbara McClintock

83
Q
A

Microbiology (22 decks)

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