Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Lecture 8 - Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Microbial Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

DNA makes RNA makes Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

transcription

A

transcribing DNA into RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

translation

A

translating RNA into protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between transcription and translation?

A

transcription converts DNA into RNA which are BOTH nucleic acids
#samelanguage

Translation converts RNA into proteins.
RNA is made of nucleic acids wheras proteins are made of amino acids.
#differentlanguages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

blue/green colored
hemolytic
flagellated
gram-negative
contains lots of Mg in cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Genome

A

describes ALL the genetic information in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is the genome found in eukaryotic cells?

A

Chromosomes
Mitochondrial DNA
Chloroplast DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is the genome found in prokaryotic cells?

A

Chromosome
Plasmids
Chloroplast DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

gene

A

a segment of a DNA molecule coding for a functional product (i.e. protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the monomers of DNA and RNA?

A

nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 Nitrogenous Bases found in DNA

A

(ATCG)

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 Nitrogenous Bases found in RNA

A

(AUCG)

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are the two strands of a DNA double helix held together?

A

Hydrogen Bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases on opposing strands of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 parts of a Nucleotide?

A

Nitrogenous Base(ATCGU) attached to a Sugar and Phosphate Backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Adenine binds to

A

Thymine (in DNA)
Uracil (in RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Guanine binds to

A

Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cytosine binds to

A

Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Uracil binds to

A

Adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thymine binds to

A

Adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Thymine is only found in

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Uracil is only found in

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

genotype

A

the unique sequence of nucleotides in a gene

(i.e. AGCAACTAGCCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

phenotype

A

the observable characteristic of a organism resulting from it expressed genotype

(i.e. green eyes, purple flowers, the presence of a flagella)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are genes in eukaryotic DNA continuous or not continuous?

A

not-continuous

(there are exons and introns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Are genes in prokaryotic DNA continuous or not continuous?
cotinuous
26
Exon
sections of eukaryotic DNA coding for a functional product
27
Introns
interrupting sequences of nucleotides within a eukaryotic gene that do not code for a functional product
28
Which is ultimately expressed? DNA found in introns or DNA found in Exons?
DNA found in Exons
29
DNA Replication
DNA is replicated in order for cells to divide and reproduce and for both daughter cells to have complete copies of the original DNA
30
Binary Fission
bacterial cell division/replication
31
Describe How DNA is Replicated
First, enzymes Gyrase and Helicase unwide and separate the two strands of DNA. Then DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to both of the original strands to form two new complete, double helix strands of DNA.
32
Semi-Conservative Model of DNA Replication
The replicated DNA include one strand from the original molecule and one strand that is completely new
33
DNA Helicase
unwinds the two strands of DNA in the double helix so there is room for transcription or translation to occur
34
DNA Polymerase
uses the original strand of DNA as a template to form a new complementary strand of DNA using base pairng
35
In which type of cell does DNA replication occur bidirectionally?
Prokaryotic Cells because their DNA is circular
36
Origin of Replication
the point on a bacterial chromosome where DNA replication begins
37
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction
38
Function of PCR
rapidly replicate DNA in vitro
39
in vitro
in a test tube
40
How is PCR Accomplished?
- High temps are used to denature and break apart the DNA double helix - Taq DNA Polymerase from the hyperthermophile Thermus aquaticus is used repeatedly to create new strands of DNA - The cycle is repeated to amplify the number of DNA strands
41
Ingredients for PCR
- Desired DNA to Copy - Nucleotides - Primers - Taq DNA Polymerase - Buffer - Thermocycler Device
42
Describe a PCR Cycle
1 - Denaturing of DNA 2 - Annealing 3 - Extension/Elongation
43
Often used in criminal investigations to test small amounts of DNA that were collected
PCR
44
Often used to test for pathogens such as COVID
PCR
45
RNA polymerase
uses complimentary base pairing to transcribe a strand of RNA from a strand of DNA
46
mRNA
messenger RNA
47
tRNA
transfer RNA
48
rRNA
ribosomal RNA
49
Type of RNA that Undergoes Translation to Form a Protein
mRNA
50
Type of RNA Used to Deliver Amino Acids to the Ribosome for Proteins to be Assembled
tRNA
51
Type of RNA that Helps Make the Ribosome which is the Unit where Translation Occurs
rRNA
52
pre-mRNA
RNA that still includes the introns
53
How is pre-mRNA converted into mRNA?
introns are excised and the exons are spliced together to form mRNA
54
How is mRNA translated?
The mRNA attaches to a ribosome. Next, tRNA will base pair with each codon (set of 3 consecutive nucleotides on the mRNA). Each tRNA carries a corresponding amino acid. As each codon is "read" the amino acids attached to the tRNA are bonded together to form a growing protein.
55
How many amino acids are there?
20
56
In Eukaryotes, where does DNA replication occur?
Nucleus
57
In Eukaryotes, where does RNA transcription occur?
Nucleus
58
In Eukaryotes, where is pre-mRNA converted to mRNA?
Nucleus
59
In Eukaryotes, where is mRNA translated?
Cytoplam
60
In Prokaryotes, where is mRNA translated?
Cytoplam
61
codon
set of 3 consecutive nucleotides on the mRNA whcih codes for a specific amino acid
62
AUG codes for
methoinine
63
Start Codon
AUG
64
mutation
permanent change in the genotype which will be passed to offspring
65
mutagens
cause mutations
66
carcinogens
cause mutations that can cause cancer
67
Point Mutation
substitution of one nucleotide for another
68
Silent Mutation
the mutation in the DNA sequence does not change the amino acid coded for and therefore does not change the protein made
69
Missense Mutation
the mutation in the DNA sequence changes the amino acid coded for. It may or may not significantly affect the function of the resulting protein.
70
Nonsense Mutation
the mutation in the DNA sequence does not code for an amino acid and consequently the protein is not fully formed and functions improperly or not at all
71
Frameshift Mutation
a nucleotide in the DNA sequence is deleted or an extra one is inserted which changes the reading frame of codons and consequently the sequence of amino acids
72
3 Types of Horizontal Gene Transfer
- Genetic Transformation - Conjugation - Transduction
73
Horizontal Gene Transfer
the process in which an organism transfers genetic material to another organism that is NOT its offspring
74
Transformation
a type of horizontal gene transfer where naked DNA in a solution is taken up by a bacteria and recombined into its chromosome
75
Discovered Transformation of DNA
Frederick Griffith
76
Conjugation
a type of horizontal gene transfer where a sex pillus is formed and connects two bacteria allowing the transfer of plasmids and genetic material from one bacteria to the other
77
R factors
genes for antibiotic resistance
78
Transduction
a type of horizontal gene transfer in which genes are transferred from a donor cell to a bacteria by a bacteriophage virus
79
Method of Generalized Transduction
A bacteriophage injects its genetic material into a bacteria and causes the bacterial DNA to lyse. As new bacteriophages are formed inside the infected bacteria, some bacteriophages may include the lysed bacterial DNA. If that bacteriophage injects the bacterial DNA into another bacterial cell, that DNA can be incorporated into its chromosome. (Note: This process is very random.)
80
Specialized Transdction
Only certain bacterial genes are tranfered. A phage injects its DNA into a bacteria. The phage DNA incorporates into the bacterial DNA forming a prophage. The prophage is incorrectly excised and and some bacterial DNA is stuck to it. The phage replicates and then the phages infect new host cells and in the process add the DNA from the original bacterial cell into the new bacterial cells.
81
Transposons
DNA sequenes that move from one location in a genome to another. This results in mutations or an increase/decrease in the amount of genomic DNA.
82
Discovered Transposons
Barbara McClintock
83

Microbiology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions