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Microbiology > Lecture 13 - Viruses, Viroids, & Prions > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Viruses, Viroids, & Prions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

inert

A

somewhere between living and dead - cannot replicate on their own

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2
Q

Because viruses must uses a host cell to replicate, they are considred _____ _____ _____.

A

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

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3
Q

In Latin, VIRUS means:

A

poison

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4
Q

morbidity

A

sickness

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5
Q

mortality

A

death

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6
Q

virology

A

the study of viruses

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7
Q

What type of bactiera looks like a little spaceship?

A

Bacteriophage

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8
Q

What shape does Ebola Virus look like?

A

looks like a worm

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9
Q

What is the genetic material found in viruses?

A

DNA or RNA
(never both simultaneously)

*can be single-stranded or double stranded

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10
Q

Is influenza an RNA or DNA virus?

A

RNA

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11
Q

Microscope Used to View Viruses

A

Electron Microscope

(because most viruses are smaller than 200 nanometers)

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12
Q

Capsid

A

protein coat surrounding a virus’ nucleic acid

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13
Q

Capsomere

A

an individual protein in the capsid

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14
Q

Diffrence between a Naked and and Enveloped Virus

A

An Enveloped Virus has an extra liipid covering (envelope) surrounding the capsid whereas a Naked Virus has no envelop surrounding the capsid.

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15
Q

Outtermost Layer of a Naked Virus

A

Capsid

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16
Q

Outtermost Layer of an Enveloped Virus

A

the Envelope

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17
Q

Spike Proteins

A

found on the envelope of viruses and can help the virus enter/infect other cells

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18
Q

Is Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Naked or Enveloped?

A

enveloped

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19
Q

Chicken Pox AKA

A

Varicella Zoster Virus

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20
Q

Is Chicken Pox (VZV) Naked or Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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21
Q

Is Mononucleosis Naked or Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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22
Q

Is West Nile Virus Naked or Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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23
Q

Is Hep C Naked or Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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24
Q

Is Influenza Virus Naked or Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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25
Q

Are Measles and Mumps Naked or Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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26
Q

Is Rabies Virus Naked or Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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27
Q

Is HIV Naked or Enveloped?

A

Enveloped

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28
Q

Is the morphology of a virus based off of its envelope, capsid, or outermost layer?

A

Capsid

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29
Q

Why is COVID-19 called a Corona Virus

A

because the spike proteins look like a crown around it in the microscope

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30
Q

Ebola Virus Capsid Morphology

A

Helical

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31
Q

Rabies Virus Capsid Morphology

A

Helical

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32
Q

Influenza Virus Capsid Morphology

A

Helical

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33
Q

Icosahedrons

A

Polyhedral Virus with 20 sides

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34
Q

West Nile Virus Capsid Morphology

A

Icosahedron
(Polyhedral)

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35
Q

Norovirus Capsid Morphology

A

Icosahedron
(Polyhedral)

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36
Q

Adenovirus Capsid Morphology

A

Icosahedron
(Polyhedral)

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37
Q

Polio Capsid Morphology

A

Icosahedron
(Polyhedral)

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38
Q

Zike Virus Capsid Morphology

A

Icosahedron
(Polyhedral)

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39
Q

Stomach Flu AKA

A

Norovirus

(*NOT the same as Influenza Virus)

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40
Q

Norovirus often causes ______.

A

Gastroenteritis
(stomach flu)

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41
Q

Example of Complex Virus Morphology

A

Bacteriaphage

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42
Q

Is Chicken Pox Virus a Pox Virus?

A

No.
It is a type of Herpes Virus (Varicella Zoster Virus)

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43
Q

What are 2 examples of Pox Viruses?

A

Cow Pox
Small Pox

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44
Q

Why is it difficult to develop antiviral drugs?

A

It is hard to develop drugs that will attack the virus without damaging our cells because viruses use our cells and machinery as a host.

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45
Q

5 Steps of Viral Replication

A

1 - Adsorption (attachment of virus to host cell)
2 - Penetration or Entry of Nucleic Acid or Capsid into Host Cell
3 - Uncoating (removal of capsid surrounding nucleic acid)
4 - Biosynthesis
5 - Release

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46
Q

Adsorption

A

attachment of a virus to the host cell

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47
Q

Uncoating

A

removal of capsid surrounding nucleic acid

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48
Q

Biosynthesis

A

replication of the viral genome using the host cell

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49
Q

Two Methods of Release at the End of Viral Replication

A
  • Budding
  • Lysis
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50
Q

How do viruses find a host cell?

A

a spike protein on the virus will bind to a receptor on the host cell

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51
Q

Describe the Lytic Replication Cycle of a Bacterial Virus

A

1- Attachment of Virus to the Bacteria
2- Penetration of Phage DNA into Bacteria & degradation of host DNA
3- Synthesis of Viral Genome & Proteins
4- Assembly of New Viruses
5- Lysis/Release of New Viruses

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52
Q

Difference between the Lytic Cycle and Lysogenic Cycle

A

In the Lytic Cycle, phage DNA enters the bacteria and immediately begins synthesizing new viruses until the cell lyses to release the new viruses.

In the Lysogenic Cycle, phage DNA may be incorporated into the bacterial DNA and the bacteria may replicate so the daughter cells also have the prophage (viral DNA).

*The prophage may exit the bacterial DNA and then enter the Lytic Cycle.

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53
Q

Discovered the Lambda Phage which can enter the Lysogenic Cycle

A

Esther Lederberg

54
Q

prophage

A

viral DNA inserted into a bacterial chromosome

55
Q

Why was the discovery of lysogenic cycles so important?

A

Many pathogenic bacterias are as pathogenic as they are because phage DNA has been incorporated in their DNA. This phage DNA gives the bacteria additional triats such as the ability to produce certain toxins that it would create otherwise.

56
Q

Why are some bacteria highly pathogenic?

A

They contain prophages which encodes for toxins

57
Q

Describe the difference between the proliferation of a DNA vs an RNA Virus

A

DNA Viruses require tht that the viral DNA be replicated, transcribed and translated.

Meanwhile, RNA Viruses can be replicated by viral proteins and immediately translated

58
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

59
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

60
Q

Describe how a Retrovirus Functions

A
  1. Viral RNA and Viral Reversetranscriptase enzyme enter the host cell.
  2. The reverse transcriptase can then transcribe the RNA into double stranded DNA which can enter the nucleus and insert itself into the chromosome
61
Q

Provirus

A

viral DNA inserted into eukaryotic DNA following reverse transcription of viral RNA

62
Q

What is plaque in terms of studying viruses in the lab?

A

Plaques are the dark circles on the petri dish where the host bacteria has been lysed

63
Q

in vitro

A

“within the glass”

64
Q

in vivo

A

“within the living”

65
Q

Name 3 Types of Cell Lines

A

Primary
Diploid
Continuous

66
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae causes

A

Diptheria

67
Q

Causes Scarlet Fever

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

68
Q

Causes Cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae

69
Q

Toxin Encoded by prophage in Corynebacterium

A

Diptheria Toxin

70
Q

Toxin Encoded by Prophage in Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Erythrogenic Toxin

71
Q

Causes Botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

72
Q

Toxin Encoded by Prophage in Clostridium botulinum

A

Botulinum Toxin

73
Q

Toxin Encoded by Prophage in Vibrio cholerae

A

Cholera Toxin

74
Q

How do Naked Viruses typically enter an animal host cell?

A

Endocytosis

75
Q

How do Enveloped Viruses typically enter an animal host cell?

A

Membrane Fussion

76
Q

2 Ways Naked Viruses are Released from the Host Cell

A

Lysis
Exocytosis

77
Q

How are Enveloped Viruses Released from the Host Cell?

A

Budding

78
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA –> RNA –> Proteins

79
Q

virus which often causes colds and upper respiratory infections

A

Adenovirus

80
Q

In America, are you more likely to get sick with a virus or a bacterial infection?

A

virus

81
Q

What are HeLa Cells?

A

HeLa cells are cells from a continuous cell line from Henrietta Lacks who died of cervical cancer around 1951

82
Q

CPE

A

Cytopathic Effects

83
Q

List some examples of Cytopathic Effect (CPE)

A
  • cells are enlarged, granular or missing due to viral infection
  • presence of inclusion bodies
  • presence of syncytia
84
Q

Negri bodies

A

inclusion bodies found in people infected with rabies

85
Q

Syncythia

A

mutiple hosts cells fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell

86
Q

-ase

A

an enzyme

87
Q

3 Non-Microscopy Methods to Detect Viruses

A
  • PCR
  • FA Technique
  • Serology (i.e. ELISA or Western Blotting)
88
Q

The “FA” in FA Technique means

A

Fluorescent Antibody

89
Q

RT-PCR

A

Reverse Transcrptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

90
Q

What is RT-PCR used for?

A

used to test for genetic material of RNA Viruses

91
Q

Antibodies bind to ______.

A

Antigens

92
Q

antigen

A

a molecule that an antibody can specifically bind to

93
Q

How many binding sites does an antibody have?

A

2

94
Q

Oncogenic Viruses

A

viruses that can cause cancer

95
Q

CA

A

cancer

96
Q

HBV

A

Hepatitis B Virus

97
Q

EBV

A

Epstein Barr Virus

98
Q

HPV

A

Human Papilloma Virus

99
Q

Which Virus can cause Liver Cancer?

A

HBV (Hepatitis B Virus)

100
Q

Epstein Barr Virus AKA

A

Mononucleosis or Mono

101
Q

Human Papilloma Virus AKA

A

Genital Warts

102
Q

Which Virus can cause Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A

EBV (Epstein Barr Virus)

103
Q

Which Virus can cause nasopharyngeal cancer?

A

EBV (Epstein Barr Virus)

104
Q

Which Virus can cause cervical, penile, uterine, or anal cancer?

A

HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)

105
Q

Is early vaccination against STDs correlated with people having sex at younger and younger ages?

A

No

106
Q

VZV

A

Varicella Zoster Virus
(AKA Chicken Pox)

107
Q

________ is a reactivation of VZV.

A

Shingles

108
Q

One who had chicken pox as a child has a ___% chance of developing _________ as an older adult.

A

10% chance of developing shingles

109
Q

What is Shingrix?

A

an effective vaccine against shingles which can be administered around age 50

110
Q

Shingles is considered a ______ _____ becuase it is a reactivation of VZV long after it was originally acquired.

A

Latent Virus

111
Q

HHV-1 and HHV-2 are also known as

A

Herpes Simplex Virus

112
Q

Is Type 1 Herpes Simplex Virus generally associated with Cold Sores or Genital Sores?

A

Cold Sores

113
Q

Is Type 2 Herpes Simplex Virus generally associated with Cold Sores or Genital Sores?

A

Genital Sores

114
Q

Because Herpes Virus can reappear after long period of no symptoms, it is known as a _____ _____.

A

Latent Virus

115
Q

Rubeola AKA

A

measles

116
Q

Rubella AKA

A

German Measles

117
Q

What is the difference between Rubella and Rubeola?

A

Koplik’s spots are generally associated with Rubeola (measles) whereas it is not associated with Rubella (German Measles) and Rubella is generally more mild.

118
Q

MMR Vaccine protects against which 3 viruses?

A

Measles
Mumps
Rubella

119
Q

Herd Immunity

A

if enough people are vaccinated against a pathogen, people who are unvaccinated can still experience protection because the liklihood of people around them being infected is decreaed

120
Q

Generally approximately at least ___% of a population needs to be vaccinated for herd immunity to be effective

A

80%

121
Q

Approximately how long does it take before a vaccination received is effective?

A

2 weeks

122
Q

What’s the best effectiveness you can hope for from a flu vaccine each year?

A

~ 60%

123
Q

“SARS” in SARS-CoV-19 stands for

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

124
Q

“MERS” in MERS-CoV-2 stands for

A

Middle East Respiratory

125
Q

Viroid

A

circular RNA that has bonded to itself in various area to creat areas of double and single strandedness

126
Q

What is the only human disease caused by a viroid?

A

Hepatitis D

127
Q

Prions

A

proteins that can reproudce on their own and become infectious when misfolded

128
Q

Where in the body are prion proteins found?

A

in the brain

129
Q

TSE

A

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy

130
Q

When misfolded prions stick together they can form ______ _____.

A

amyloid fibers

131
Q

What type of cells eliminate dead neurons?

A

astrocytes

132
Q

Oncogenic

A

Cancer-Producing

Microbiology (22 decks)

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