Lecture 13 - Viruses, Viroids, & Prions Flashcards
1
Q
inert
A
somewhere between living and dead - cannot replicate on their own
2
Q
Because viruses must uses a host cell to replicate, they are considred _____ _____ _____.
A
Obligate Intracellular Parasites
3
Q
In Latin, VIRUS means:
A
poison
4
Q
morbidity
A
sickness
5
Q
mortality
A
death
6
Q
virology
A
the study of viruses
7
Q
What type of bactiera looks like a little spaceship?
A
Bacteriophage
8
Q
What shape does Ebola Virus look like?
A
looks like a worm
9
Q
What is the genetic material found in viruses?
A
DNA or RNA
(never both simultaneously)
*can be single-stranded or double stranded
10
Q
Is influenza an RNA or DNA virus?
A
RNA
11
Q
Microscope Used to View Viruses
A
Electron Microscope
(because most viruses are smaller than 200 nanometers)
12
Q
Capsid
A
protein coat surrounding a virus’ nucleic acid
13
Q
Capsomere
A
an individual protein in the capsid
14
Q
Diffrence between a Naked and and Enveloped Virus
A
An Enveloped Virus has an extra liipid covering (envelope) surrounding the capsid whereas a Naked Virus has no envelop surrounding the capsid.
15
Q
Outtermost Layer of a Naked Virus
A
Capsid
16
Q
Outtermost Layer of an Enveloped Virus
A
the Envelope
17
Q
Spike Proteins
A
found on the envelope of viruses and can help the virus enter/infect other cells
18
Q
Is Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Naked or Enveloped?
A
enveloped
19
Q
Chicken Pox AKA
A
Varicella Zoster Virus
20
Q
Is Chicken Pox (VZV) Naked or Enveloped?
A
Enveloped
21
Q
Is Mononucleosis Naked or Enveloped?
A
Enveloped
22
Q
Is West Nile Virus Naked or Enveloped?
A
Enveloped
23
Q
Is Hep C Naked or Enveloped?
A
Enveloped
24
Q
Is Influenza Virus Naked or Enveloped?
A
Enveloped
25
Are Measles and Mumps Naked or Enveloped?
Enveloped
26
Is Rabies Virus Naked or Enveloped?
Enveloped
27
Is HIV Naked or Enveloped?
Enveloped
28
Is the morphology of a virus based off of its envelope, capsid, or outermost layer?
Capsid
29
Why is COVID-19 called a Corona Virus
because the spike proteins look like a crown around it in the microscope
30
Ebola Virus Capsid Morphology
Helical
31
Rabies Virus Capsid Morphology
Helical
32
Influenza Virus Capsid Morphology
Helical
33
Icosahedrons
Polyhedral Virus with 20 sides
34
West Nile Virus Capsid Morphology
Icosahedron
(Polyhedral)
35
Norovirus Capsid Morphology
Icosahedron
(Polyhedral)
36
Adenovirus Capsid Morphology
Icosahedron
(Polyhedral)
37
Polio Capsid Morphology
Icosahedron
(Polyhedral)
38
Zike Virus Capsid Morphology
Icosahedron
(Polyhedral)
39
Stomach Flu AKA
Norovirus
(*NOT the same as Influenza Virus)
40
Norovirus often causes ______.
Gastroenteritis
(stomach flu)
41
Example of Complex Virus Morphology
Bacteriaphage
42
Is Chicken Pox Virus a Pox Virus?
No.
It is a type of Herpes Virus (Varicella Zoster Virus)
43
What are 2 examples of Pox Viruses?
Cow Pox
Small Pox
44
Why is it difficult to develop antiviral drugs?
It is hard to develop drugs that will attack the virus without damaging our cells because viruses use our cells and machinery as a host.
45
5 Steps of Viral Replication
1 - Adsorption (attachment of virus to host cell)
2 - Penetration or Entry of Nucleic Acid or Capsid into Host Cell
3 - Uncoating (removal of capsid surrounding nucleic acid)
4 - Biosynthesis
5 - Release
46
Adsorption
attachment of a virus to the host cell
47
Uncoating
removal of capsid surrounding nucleic acid
48
Biosynthesis
replication of the viral genome using the host cell
49
Two Methods of Release at the End of Viral Replication
- Budding
- Lysis
50
How do viruses find a host cell?
a spike protein on the virus will bind to a receptor on the host cell
51
Describe the Lytic Replication Cycle of a Bacterial Virus
1- Attachment of Virus to the Bacteria
2- Penetration of Phage DNA into Bacteria & degradation of host DNA
3- Synthesis of Viral Genome & Proteins
4- Assembly of New Viruses
5- Lysis/Release of New Viruses
52
Difference between the Lytic Cycle and Lysogenic Cycle
In the Lytic Cycle, phage DNA enters the bacteria and immediately begins synthesizing new viruses until the cell lyses to release the new viruses.
In the Lysogenic Cycle, phage DNA may be incorporated into the bacterial DNA and the bacteria may replicate so the daughter cells also have the prophage (viral DNA).
*The prophage may exit the bacterial DNA and then enter the Lytic Cycle.
53
Discovered the Lambda Phage which can enter the Lysogenic Cycle
Esther Lederberg
54
prophage
viral DNA inserted into a bacterial chromosome
55
Why was the discovery of lysogenic cycles so important?
Many pathogenic bacterias are as pathogenic as they are because phage DNA has been incorporated in their DNA. This phage DNA gives the bacteria additional triats such as the ability to produce certain toxins that it would create otherwise.
56
Why are some bacteria highly pathogenic?
They contain prophages which encodes for toxins
57
Describe the difference between the proliferation of a DNA vs an RNA Virus
DNA Viruses require tht that the viral DNA be replicated, transcribed and translated.
Meanwhile, RNA Viruses can be replicated by viral proteins and immediately translated
58
What type of virus is HIV?
Retrovirus
59
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
60
Describe how a Retrovirus Functions
1. Viral RNA and Viral Reversetranscriptase enzyme enter the host cell.
2. The reverse transcriptase can then transcribe the RNA into double stranded DNA which can enter the nucleus and insert itself into the chromosome
61
Provirus
viral DNA inserted into eukaryotic DNA following reverse transcription of viral RNA
62
What is plaque in terms of studying viruses in the lab?
Plaques are the dark circles on the petri dish where the host bacteria has been lysed
63
in vitro
"within the glass"
64
in vivo
"within the living"
65
Name 3 Types of Cell Lines
Primary
Diploid
Continuous
66
Corynebacterium diptheriae causes
Diptheria
67
Causes Scarlet Fever
Streptococcus pyogenes
68
Causes Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
69
Toxin Encoded by prophage in Corynebacterium
Diptheria Toxin
70
Toxin Encoded by Prophage in Streptococcus pyogenes
Erythrogenic Toxin
71
Causes Botulism
Clostridium botulinum
72
Toxin Encoded by Prophage in Clostridium botulinum
Botulinum Toxin
73
Toxin Encoded by Prophage in Vibrio cholerae
Cholera Toxin
74
How do Naked Viruses typically enter an animal host cell?
Endocytosis
75
How do Enveloped Viruses typically enter an animal host cell?
Membrane Fussion
76
2 Ways Naked Viruses are Released from the Host Cell
Lysis
Exocytosis
77
How are Enveloped Viruses Released from the Host Cell?
Budding
78
Central Dogma
DNA --> RNA --> Proteins
79
virus which often causes colds and upper respiratory infections
Adenovirus
80
In America, are you more likely to get sick with a virus or a bacterial infection?
virus
81
What are HeLa Cells?
HeLa cells are cells from a continuous cell line from Henrietta Lacks who died of cervical cancer around 1951
82
CPE
Cytopathic Effects
83
List some examples of Cytopathic Effect (CPE)
- cells are enlarged, granular or missing due to viral infection
- presence of inclusion bodies
- presence of syncytia
84
Negri bodies
inclusion bodies found in people infected with rabies
85
Syncythia
mutiple hosts cells fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell
86
-ase
an enzyme
87
3 Non-Microscopy Methods to Detect Viruses
- PCR
- FA Technique
- Serology (i.e. ELISA or Western Blotting)
88
The "FA" in FA Technique means
Fluorescent Antibody
89
RT-PCR
Reverse Transcrptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
90
What is RT-PCR used for?
used to test for genetic material of RNA Viruses
91
Antibodies bind to ______.
Antigens
92
antigen
a molecule that an antibody can specifically bind to
93
How many binding sites does an antibody have?
2
94
Oncogenic Viruses
viruses that can cause cancer
95
CA
cancer
96
HBV
Hepatitis B Virus
97
EBV
Epstein Barr Virus
98
HPV
Human Papilloma Virus
99
Which Virus can cause Liver Cancer?
HBV (Hepatitis B Virus)
100
Epstein Barr Virus AKA
Mononucleosis or Mono
101
Human Papilloma Virus AKA
Genital Warts
102
Which Virus can cause Burkitt's Lymphoma?
EBV (Epstein Barr Virus)
103
Which Virus can cause nasopharyngeal cancer?
EBV (Epstein Barr Virus)
104
Which Virus can cause cervical, penile, uterine, or anal cancer?
HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
105
Is early vaccination against STDs correlated with people having sex at younger and younger ages?
No
106
VZV
Varicella Zoster Virus
(AKA Chicken Pox)
107
________ is a reactivation of VZV.
Shingles
108
One who had chicken pox as a child has a ___% chance of developing _________ as an older adult.
10% chance of developing shingles
109
What is Shingrix?
an effective vaccine against shingles which can be administered around age 50
110
Shingles is considered a ______ _____ becuase it is a reactivation of VZV long after it was originally acquired.
Latent Virus
111
HHV-1 and HHV-2 are also known as
Herpes Simplex Virus
112
Is Type 1 Herpes Simplex Virus generally associated with Cold Sores or Genital Sores?
Cold Sores
113
Is Type 2 Herpes Simplex Virus generally associated with Cold Sores or Genital Sores?
Genital Sores
114
Because Herpes Virus can reappear after long period of no symptoms, it is known as a _____ _____.
Latent Virus
115
Rubeola AKA
measles
116
Rubella AKA
German Measles
117
What is the difference between Rubella and Rubeola?
Koplik's spots are generally associated with Rubeola (measles) whereas it is not associated with Rubella (German Measles) and Rubella is generally more mild.
118
MMR Vaccine protects against which 3 viruses?
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
119
Herd Immunity
if enough people are vaccinated against a pathogen, people who are unvaccinated can still experience protection because the liklihood of people around them being infected is decreaed
120
Generally approximately at least ___% of a population needs to be vaccinated for herd immunity to be effective
80%
121
Approximately how long does it take before a vaccination received is effective?
2 weeks
122
What's the best effectiveness you can hope for from a flu vaccine each year?
~ 60%
123
"SARS" in SARS-CoV-19 stands for
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
124
"MERS" in MERS-CoV-2 stands for
Middle East Respiratory
125
Viroid
circular RNA that has bonded to itself in various area to creat areas of double and single strandedness
126
What is the only human disease caused by a viroid?
Hepatitis D
127
Prions
proteins that can reproudce on their own and become infectious when misfolded
128
Where in the body are prion proteins found?
in the brain
129
TSE
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy
130
When misfolded prions stick together they can form ______ _____.
amyloid fibers
131
What type of cells eliminate dead neurons?
astrocytes
132
Oncogenic
Cancer-Producing
