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Microbiology > Lecture 2 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Element

A

a pure substance composed of only one type of atom

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2
Q

Atom

A

the smallest unit of matter

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3
Q

Describe the Parts of an Atom

A

Nucleus: Contains Protons & Neutrons

Electron Cloud: Contains Electrons

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4
Q

Name the 3 Subatomic Particles and Their Charges

A

Protons (+)
Neutrons (neutral)
Electrons (-)

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5
Q

What subatomic particle determines an atom’s identity?

A

Number of Protons

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6
Q

What are the 6 Most Common Elements in Living Things?

A

C H O N P S

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7
Q

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons (including valence electrons) are found in Carbon?

A

Protons: 6
Neutrons: 6
Electrons: 6
Valence Electrons: 4

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8
Q

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons (including valence electrons) are found in Hydrogen?

A

Protons: 1
Neutrons: 0
Electrons: 1
Valence Electrons: 1

*Note: Wants 2 VE to be Stable

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9
Q

What are ions?

A

atoms/molecules with a positive or negative charge becauase there are more or less electrons than protons

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10
Q

Molecules

A

2+ atoms bonded together

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11
Q

Compounds

A

2+ different types of atoms bonded together

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12
Q

Molecules are formed when electrons are ______ or _______.

A

Transfered or Shared

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13
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

oppoSALTSattract

cation with a (+) charge is attracted to an anion with a (-) charge

They do not share elctrons. Electrons are tranferred and then the atoms stay togethr because of their opposite charges.

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14
Q

cation

A

ion with a positive charge

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15
Q

anion

A

ion with a negative charge

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16
Q

Describe Covalent Bonds

A

atoms share electrons with eachother which bonds them together

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17
Q

How many electrons are shared between atoms in single, double and triple bonds?

A

Single Bond: 2 e- (1 pair)

Double Bond: 4 e- (2 pairs)

Triple Bond: 6 e- (3 pairs)

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18
Q

Which Type of Bond is Stronger? Ionic or Covalent?

A

Covalent Bonds

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19
Q

Polar Molecules

A

molecules that have a partial (+) charge on one side and a partial (-) on the other side due to unequal sharing of electrons between atoms in the molecule

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20
Q

Is water a polar molecule? Why or why not?

A

Yes, water is polar.

Why? Because the Oxygen is an “electron hog” and doesn’t evenly share the electrons with the hydrogens. This results in the O having a partial (-) charge & the H having partial (+) charges.

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21
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Hydrogens with partial (+) charges (and bonded to O or N) are attracted to the (-) charges on other molecules.

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22
Q

anabolic reaction

A

smaller molecules are bonded to synthesize a larger molecule

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23
Q

catabolic reaction

A

larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

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24
Q

endergonic reaction

A

requires energy

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25
exergonic reaction
releases energy
26
Organic vs Inorganic Compounds
Organic compounds contain both Carbon and Hydrogen. Inorganic Compounds do not contain both C & H.
27
What are the 4 Major Types of Organic Compounds?
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
28
Explain the pH scale
0-6 Acidic 7 Neutral 8-14 Basic The concentrations of [H+] and [OH-] are inversely related.
29
What pH do most organisms grow best in?
pH = 6.5 - 8.5 (close to neutral)
30
What are buffers used for?
Buffers help stabilize the pH of cultures and keep it from becoming too acidic
31
turbidity
cloudiness seen in culture mediums that are growing bacteria
32
Polymers
moleucles made up of several monomers
33
Dehyration Synthesis
A larger molecule is sythesized and water is released as a product
34
Hydrolysis
smaller molecules are formed when water is used as a reactant to break apart a larger molecule
35
-ose
sugar
36
-ase
enzyme
37
amphipathic
one end of the molecule is polar and the other end is nonpolar
38
Describe the Phospholipid Bilayer
Two layers of phospholipids oriented so that the hydrophobic fatty acid tails point towards eachother and the hydrophilic phosphorus heads point outward
39
Momomers of Proteins
Amino Acids
40
Describe the Levels of Protein Structures
Primary: strand of amino acids connected Secondary: alpha-helices and beta-sheets Tertiary: globular structure Quaternary: multiple proteins clusered together
41
denaturing
the breakdown of a protein's 3D structure caused by temperature, changes in pH, or salt concentration.
42
Enzymes ______ chemcial reactions.
catalyze (initiate and speed up)
43
Exotoxins
toxic proteins produced by bacteria #disease-causing
44
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
Phosphate Sugar Nitrogenous Base
45
ribose vs deoxyribose
Ribose has an -OH at the 2' Carbon and deoxyribose does not
46
purines
bases with 2 rings A & G
47
What are the 2 purines?
A & G
48
pyrimidines
bases with only 1 ring C, T, U
49
nitrogenous bases found in DNA
A T C G
50
nitrogenous bases found in RNA
A U C G
51
antiparallel
one strand of DNA runs 5' to 3' and the other is upside down and runs 3' to 5'
52
What two parts of nuclotides make up the backbone of DNA?
Sugar and Phosphate
53
What is the Central Dogma?
DNA --> RNA --> protein DNA (transcription) RNA (translation) protein
54
transcription
DNA --> RNA
55
translation
RNA --> protein
56
codon
set of 3 consecutive nuclotides in RNA that codes for a single amino acid
57
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate source of cellular energy ATP --> ADP + P + energy ADP + P + energy --> ATP
58
ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate
59
What type of bond allows capillary action?
hydrogen bonds
60
What type of bond creates the surface tension of water?
hydrogen bonds
61
What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
hydrogen bonds
62
What type of bond forms salt?
ionic bonds
63
What type of bond forms a single water molecule?
covalent bonds (*Note: the bonds are polar because Oxygen is an "electron hog")
64
What type of bond holds two separate water molecules together?
hydrogen bonds
65
pH of 2 is how many more times acidic than a pH of 5?
1000x 5-2=3 10^3 = 1000
66
mono-
one
67
poly-
many
68
Dehydration Synthesis AKA
condensation (because water is released)
69
hydro-
water
70
-lysis
breakdown/destruction
71
lys/o
to kill/separating destruction
72
What are the 3 main monosaccharides?
Glucose Fructose Glactose
73
saccharide
sugar
74
What are the 3 major disaccharides?
Sucrose (table sugar) Lactose (milk sugar) Maltose
75
2 Monomers that make Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
76
2 Monomers that make Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
77
2 Monomers that make Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
78
All 3 major disaccharides contain _________.
Glucose
79
4 Major Types of Polysaccharides
Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin
80
Glycogen
polysaccharide used to store glucose in the body
81
Cellulose
polysaccharide used to make the cell walls of plants and most algaes
82
Chitin
polysaccharide used in the cell walls of most fungi and exoskeletons of lobsters, crabs, and insects
83
Starch
polymer of glucose made by plants and eaten by people #potatoes
84
lactase
enzyme that breaks down lactose (-ase = enzyme) (-ose = sugar)
85
Are lipids polar or non-polar?
Non-Polar
86
Why do oil and water not mix?
Doesn't mix because water is polar and oil (fat) is nonpolar.
87
Why does salt dissolve in water?
Salt is polar (held together by ionic bond) and will dissociate in the polar environment of water.
88
Two Major Functions of Lipids
-plasma membranes -store energy
89
If something is hydrophobic, is it polar or nonpolar?
non-polar
90
4 Classes of Lipids + their Function
- Fatty Acids (fuel) - Triglycerides (fatty acid storage) - Phospholipids (plasma membranes) - Steroids (hormones + strengthen cell membranes)
91
What is a Triglyceride made of?
1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids
92
Triglycerides are formed through ______________.
Dehydration Synthesis
93
Triglycerides are broken down by _______________.
Hydrolysis
94
Which genus of bacteria produces mycolic acid?
mycobacterium
95
mycolic acid
a complex lipid found in the cell walls of mycobacterium
96
Mycoplasma are unique from other bacteria in that they lack a ________.
cell wall
97
main feature of steroids
4 interconnected carbon rings (3 hexagons + 1 pentagon)
98
sterol
steroid with an -OH (alcohol) group attached
99
peptide bond
the bond formed between two amino acids (the amine group of one amino acid condenses onto the carboxyl group of another amino acid)
100
What type of reaction of forms a peptide bond?
Dehydration Synthesis AKA Condensation Reaction because water is released as a product
101
-OH
alcohol group
102
-COOH
carboxyl group
103
-NH2
amino group
104
-R
indicates any group which has a C or H connectd to the rest of the molecule
105
oligo-
few
106
How many amino acids are there?
20
107
enzymes are ________.
proteins
108
function of transporter proteins
move/transport molecules across the plamsma membrane that are too big or don't have the right charge to pass through on their own
109
bacteriocins
antimicrobial proteins
110
Difference between DNA & RNA
DNA (DEOXYribonucleic acid) is missing an -OH group at the 2' Carbon
111
In DNA, C pairs with
G
112
In DNA, G pairs with
C
113
In DNA, T pairs with
A
114
In DNA, A pairs with
T
115
In RNA, A pairs with
U
116
In RNA, U pairs with
A
117
In RNA, C pairs with
G
118
In RNA, G pairs with
C
119
U (uracil) is found in ____ but not in ______.
U is found in RNA, but not in DNA.
120
T (thymine) is found in ______ but not in ______.
T is found in DNA, but not in RNA.
121
Which Row is DNA & Which Row is RNA? GCCGAUCUGCA CGGCTAGACGT
top row is RNA - we know becase it contains U Bottom row is DNA - we know because it does not contain U
122
How is ATP formed?
ADP + P + energy --> ATP
123
How is ATP broken down?
ATP --> ADP + P + energy
124
The two strands of DNA are ____ & _____.
Complimentary & Antiparallel
125
C
Carbon
126
H
Hydrogen
127
O
Oxygen
128
N
Nitrogen
129
P
Phosphorus
130
S
Sulfur
131
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the Outermost Shell/Level of the Atom
132
What type of bond holds the two separate strands of DNA together?
Hydrogen Bonds
133
What type of bond allows for Capillary Action?
Hydrogen Bonds
134
What type of bond create surface tension in water so bugs or leaves don’t sink?
Hydrogen Bonds
135
Is Water Organic or Inorganic?
Inorganic
136
Is Carbon Dioxide Organic or Inorganic?
Inorganic
137
What is a hydrogen ion?
A Lone Proton
138
CO2
Carbon Dioxide

Microbiology (22 decks)

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