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Microbiology > Lecture 20 - Antimicrobial Drugs > Flashcards

Lecture 20 - Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Methods Which Could be Used to Test for Herpes Simplex Virus

A
  • Cell Culture (with host cells provided)
  • Fluorescent Antibody (FA) Test
  • PCR
  • Serological Test for Antibodies
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2
Q

Chemotherapy

A

to treat a disease with chemicals that are taken into the body

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3
Q

Antimicrobial Drugs

A

chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious diseases

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4
Q

First Step in Determining How to Treat a Disease

A

determine if the disease is infectious or noninfecious

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5
Q

-cidal

A

to kill

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6
Q

-static or -stasis

A

to stop/stand still

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7
Q

Bacteriocidal Drugs

A

drugs that kill bacteria

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8
Q

Bacteriostatic Drugs

A

drugs that halt/slow the growth of bacteria so that the immune system can do the rest

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9
Q

synthetic drugs

A

drugs made in a lab

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10
Q

antibiotics

A

antimicrobial drug derived from the natrual processes of bacteria or fungi to harm other microbes

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11
Q

Where are streptomyces often found?

A

in soil

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12
Q

Are streptomyces bacteria or fungi?

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

Paul Erlich

A
  • Coined the term “chemotherapy”
  • Developed Salvarsan (the “magic bullet”) to treat Sypilis
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14
Q

Salvarsan was a derivative of _____.

A

arsenic

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15
Q

Gerhard Domagk

A

discovered Prontosil, a red dye and sulfa- derivative, to protect against staph and strep infections

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16
Q

Class of Drugs Often Used to Treat UTI

A

Sulfa- medications

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17
Q

Discovered Lysozyme

A

Alexander Flemming

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18
Q

Discovered Penicillin

A

Alexander Flemming

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19
Q

aplastic anemia

A

occurs when the body does not produce enough formed elements (platelets, RBC, WBC, etc)

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20
Q

Theraputic Index

A

the ratio of the dose of a drug which is toxic in the body to the dose that is toxic to the microbe

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21
Q

7 Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug

A
  1. should be selectively toxic
  2. should not produce hypersensitivity reactions
  3. should be soluble in body-tissues
    (fatsoluble)
  4. should not be degraded or excreted from the body too quickly
  5. should have a long shelf-life
  6. use of the drug should not lead to resistant strains of the microbe
  7. should not elimate normal flora of the host
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22
Q

1st Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug

A

the drug should be selectively toxic

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23
Q

2nd Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug

A

the drug should not produce a hypersensitivity reaction

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24
Q

Penicillin belongs to which group of antibiotics?

A

Beta Lactams

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25
Q

Two Divisions of Beta Lactams

A

Penicillins & Cephalosporins

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26
Q

3rd Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug

A

Should be soluble in body tissues.
#Fat-Soluble

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27
Q

4th Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug

A

should not be degraded or excreted from the body too quickly

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28
Q

5th Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug

A

should have a long shelf-life

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29
Q

6th Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug

A

use of the drug should not lead to resistant strains of the microbe

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30
Q

7th Criteria for an Effective Antimicrobial Drug

A

should not elimate normal flora of the host

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31
Q

excipients

A

inactive ingredients in a drug that help the active ingredients last longer

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32
Q

Can antibiotics treat viruses?

A

No

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33
Q

Broad Spectrum Drugs

A

antibiotics that are effective in treating a wide range of pathogens

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34
Q

Isoniazid is effective in treating ______.

A

Mycoplasma

35
Q

Are sulfonamides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

36
Q

Is clindamycin bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

37
Q

Are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

bacteriostatic

38
Q

Are penicillins bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

bacteriocidal

39
Q

Is Isoniazid bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

bacteriocidal

40
Q

Is metronidazole bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

bacteriocidal

41
Q

Is rifampin bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

bacteriocidal

42
Q

Is vancomycin bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

bacteriocidal

43
Q

Are aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

bacteriocidal

44
Q

Are quinolones bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

bacteriocidal

45
Q

5 Ways Antimicrobial Drugs Work

A
  1. inhibit peptidoglycan/cell-wall synthesis
  2. inhibit protein synthesis
  3. inhibit nucleic acid transcrption and replication
  4. damage the plasma membrane
  5. inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites
46
Q

1st Way Antimicrobial Drugs Work

A

inhibit peptidoglycan/cell-wall synthesis

47
Q

2nd Way Antimicrobial Drugs Work

A

inhibit protein synthesis

48
Q

3rd Way Antimicrobial Drugs Work

A

inhibit nucleic acid transcrption and replication

49
Q

4th Way Antimicrobial Drugs Work

A

damage the plasma membrane

50
Q

5th Way Antimicrobial Drugs Work

A

inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites

51
Q

3 Groups of Drugs Which Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis

A
  • Beta-Lactams (Penicillins & Cephalosporins)
  • Bacitracins
  • Vancomysin
52
Q

4 Types of Drugs Which Inhibit Protein Synthesis

A

Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Tetracyclines
Streptomycin

53
Q

Drug Which Causes Damage to the Plams Membrane of Bacteria

A

Polymyxin B

54
Q

2 Types of Drugs Which Inhibit Synthesis of Essential Metabolites in Bacteria

A

Sulfanamides
Trimethroprim

55
Q

2 Types of Drugs Which Inhibit Nucleic Acid Transcription and Replication

A

Quinolones
Rifampin

56
Q

Are antimicrobial drugs which inhibit cell wall synthesis more effective against Gram-Postive or Gram-Negative bacteria?

A

More effective against Gram-Positive because they have a thick wall of peptidoglycan.

Less effective against Gram-Negative because of the outer membrane.

57
Q

How do tetracyclines work?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis by preventing attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex

58
Q

How does erythromycin work?

A

Inhbits protein synthesis by preventing movement of ribosome along the strand of mRNA

59
Q

How does chloraphenicol work?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S portion of ribosome and preventing formation of peptide bond

60
Q

Why are antimicrobial drugs which inhibit protein synthesis effective against bacteria, but do not harm us?

A

bacteria have different sized ribosomes and ribosome subunits than we do

61
Q

How do Quinolones work?

A

Inhibit DNA replication by targeting the enzymes Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV.

62
Q

How does Rifampin work?

A

Inhibits Transcription of DNA into RNA by targeting the enzyme RNA Polymerase

63
Q

How do Polymixins and Amphotericin B work?

A

they interfere with the cell membrane by binding to sterols and lodging themselves in the plasma membrane and disrupt the structure enough

64
Q

Pseudomonas can be treated with

A

Amphotericin B

65
Q

How do Sulfa- Drugs work?

A

Sulfa- Drugs inhibit the synthesis of folic acid, an essential metabolite by binding to the enzyme’s active site so that PABA cannot.

66
Q

Why is it hard to find effective antiviral drugs?

A

viruses require a host cell for replication and we do not want to take a drug that will damage our own cells

67
Q

2 Drugs Used to Treat Influenza Virus

A
  • Amantadine
  • Neuraminadase Inhibitors (i.e. Oseltamivir AKA Tamiflu)
68
Q

How does Amantadine work to treat influenza virus?

A

inhibits uncoating of the virus

69
Q

How does Tamiflu work to treat influenza virus?

A

blocks the release of the virus from the host cell

70
Q

Antiviral Drug Used to treat Herpes

71
Q

How doe Acyclovir work?

A

acyclovir is false nucleotide resembling guanine to sude down the synthesis of herpes

72
Q

Drug used to treat viral hepatitis?

A

Alpha Interferon

73
Q

Topical Cream Used to Treat Genital Wart and Some Skin Cancers

74
Q

How does Imiquimod Work?

A

stimulates the production of interferons

75
Q

Drug Used to Treat HIV

A

Azidothymidine (AZT)

76
Q

How does Azidothymidine work?

A

interferes with reverse transcriptase

77
Q

Used to Treat Malaria

A

Chloroquine

78
Q

3 Drugs Used to Treat Protozoans

A

Chloroquine
Metronidazole
Tinidazole

79
Q

2 Drugs Used to Treat Tapeworms & Flukes

A

Praziquantel
Niclosamide

80
Q

2 General Antihelminthic Drugs

A
  • Mebendazole
  • Albendazole
81
Q

3 Methods to Test Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Drugs

A
  • Kirby-Bauer Disk-Diffusion Method
  • E Test (to test multiple concentrations of a drug)
  • Broth Dilution Test with a Sub Culture
82
Q

MIC

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

83
Q

MBC

A

Minimum Bacteriocidal Concentration

84
Q

7 Ways Microbes Become Resistant to Antimicrobials

A
  • Blocking Entry of the Drug
  • Inactivating Enzymes
  • Pushing the Antibiotic Out
  • Alteration of the Target Molecules
  • Conjugation
  • Mutation
  • Mistakes in Replication

Microbiology (22 decks)

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