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Microbiology > Lecture 14 - Principles of Disease & Epidemiology > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - Principles of Disease & Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

etiology

A

the cause of a disease

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2
Q

pathogenesis

A

how a disease develops

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3
Q

-genesis

A

to produce/origin

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4
Q

path/o

A

disease

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5
Q

virulence factors

A

factors that make a pathogen more pathogenic

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6
Q

What is the basis for disease?

A

cellular damage

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7
Q

signs

A

OBJECTIVE evidence of disease and can be measured

(temp, blood pressure, sweating, etc)

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8
Q

symptoms

A

SUBJECTIVE evidence of disease - cannot be observed by others, but can be explained by the patient

(throbbing, pain, headache, hot, etc)

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9
Q

Is bacteria ever normally found internally?

A

No.

Bacteria should only ever be found on external surfaces (remember: your GI tract is considered external).

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10
Q

What percent of your cells are bacteria versus human?

A

90% bacteria
10% human

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11
Q

Lactobacillus accidophilus produces _______.

A

Lactic Acid

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12
Q

competetive inhibition AKA microbial antagonism

A

normal bacteria protect against harmful microorganism simply by taking up space so that there is no room for harmful microorganisms to easily take up residence and cause adverse effects

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13
Q

Where in the body is Lactobacillus acidophilus commonly found?

A

the vagina

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14
Q

Symbiotic Relationship

A

the relationship between two species

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15
Q

Name the 3 main types of Symbiotic Relationships

A
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism
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16
Q

Mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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17
Q

Parasitism

A

one oragnism benefits while the other is harmed

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18
Q

Commensalism

A

one organism benefits while the other is unaffected

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19
Q

What two vitamins does E. coli produce?

A

B12 and K vitamins

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20
Q

When is it strongly recommended to take probiotics?

A

When you are on strong antibiotics

  • this helps to replace bacteria killed off by the antibiotic with bacteria that will be beneficial to you
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21
Q

Prebiotics

A

contains carbohydrates to feed the probiotics

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22
Q

Common treatment for C. diff

A

Fecal Transplant AKA Fecal Bacteriotherapy

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23
Q

What is the purpose of preempt probiotics?

A

It is sprayed onto baby chicks so that it will eventually get into their gut and competetively inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as salmonella

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24
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

bacteria that are normally harmless, but become harmful when they get somewhere in the body where they normally are not found or the person is immunocompromised

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25
Where in the body is Neisseria meningitidis normally found?
the respiratory tract
26
ectopic
an abnormal place or position
27
Koch's Postulates
specific microbes cause specific diseases i.e. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax
28
List a few limitations to Koch's Postulates
- not all pathogens can be easily cultured - some illnesses (signs and symptoms) can be caused by several different pathogens - some pathogens can cause several different diseases depending where it settles in the body
29
communicable disease
disease that spreads from one person to another
30
Direct Transmission of Disease
direct transmission of disease from one host to another (i.e. kissing/sex, droplets less than 1 meter distance, bites from vectors such as mosquitoes or fleas)
31
Indirect Transmission
transmission of disease from food, water, air droplets that have traveled a long distance, or fomites
32
fomite
contaminated objects carrying pathogenic bacteria (i.e. doorknobs, utensils, clothes, etc)
33
zoonotic disease
disease tranmitted from animals to people (i.e rabies)
34
reservoir
source of infection
35
noncommunicable disease
diseases that cannot be passed from one person to another (i.e. cancer, diabetes, UTI, tetanus)
36
incidence
the number of NEW cases of disease
37
prevalence
the TOTAL number of cases of disease (new and old combined)
38
endemic
the regular occurence of disease within an area
39
epidemic
the widespread occurence of a disease within an area at a particular time
40
pandemic
widespread occurence of disease (generally transcending national boundaries)
41
Which type of viruses mutate faster? DNA or RNA viruses?
RNA virues
42
Describe the Stages of Disease
- Incubation Period: the person is infected, but has no signs or symptoms yet - Prodromal Period: early, non-specific signs and symptoms of disease #malaise - Period of Illness - Death (IF the immune system or medical treatments fail) - Period of Decline - signs and symptoms start to improve as the pathogen is killed off - Period of Convalescence
43
Incubation Period
the time in which a person is infected with a pathogen before they begin to exhibit signs and symptoms
44
Prodromal Period
the period of time in which one has been infected with a pathogen, but it's still early and signs and symptoms experienced are non-specific (i.e. feeling of malaise)
45
Period of Convalescence
the period in which a person is nearly fully recovered from their illness
46
Nosocomial Infections
infections acquired at a hospital or other healthcare setting
47
Iatrogenic Disease
infections acquired due to the careless actions of a healthcare worker
48
Two Most Common Sites of Nosocomial Infections
UTIs & Surgical Site Infections
49
UTI
urinary tract infection
50
Emerging Infection Diseases
diseases that are new or changing or showing an increase in incidence
51
Notifiable Infectious Disease
diseases which providers are required by law to reprot to the US Public Health Service when a patient is diagnosed
52
MMWR
Morbitity & Mortality Weekly Report
53
morbidity
sickness
54
mortality
death
55
the number of NEW cases of disease
incidence
56
the TOTAL number of cases of disease (new and old combined)
prevalence
57
the regular occurence of disease within an area
endemic
58
the widespread occurence of a disease within an area at a particular time
epidemic
59
CDC
Centers for Disease Control
60
The CDC is an agency within the _______.
US Public Health Service

Microbiology (22 decks)

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