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Microbiology > Lecture 14 - Principles of Disease & Epidemiology > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - Principles of Disease & Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

etiology

A

the cause of a disease

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2
Q

pathogenesis

A

how a disease develops

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3
Q

-genesis

A

to produce/origin

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4
Q

path/o

A

disease

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5
Q

virulence factors

A

factors that make a pathogen more pathogenic

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6
Q

What is the basis for disease?

A

cellular damage

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7
Q

signs

A

OBJECTIVE evidence of disease and can be measured

(temp, blood pressure, sweating, etc)

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8
Q

symptoms

A

SUBJECTIVE evidence of disease - cannot be observed by others, but can be explained by the patient

(throbbing, pain, headache, hot, etc)

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9
Q

Is bacteria ever normally found internally?

A

No.

Bacteria should only ever be found on external surfaces (remember: your GI tract is considered external).

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10
Q

What percent of your cells are bacteria versus human?

A

90% bacteria
10% human

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11
Q

Lactobacillus accidophilus produces _______.

A

Lactic Acid

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12
Q

competetive inhibition AKA microbial antagonism

A

normal bacteria protect against harmful microorganism simply by taking up space so that there is no room for harmful microorganisms to easily take up residence and cause adverse effects

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13
Q

Where in the body is Lactobacillus acidophilus commonly found?

A

the vagina

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14
Q

Symbiotic Relationship

A

the relationship between two species

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15
Q

Name the 3 main types of Symbiotic Relationships

A
  • Mutualism
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism
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16
Q

Mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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17
Q

Parasitism

A

one oragnism benefits while the other is harmed

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18
Q

Commensalism

A

one organism benefits while the other is unaffected

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19
Q

What two vitamins does E. coli produce?

A

B12 and K vitamins

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20
Q

When is it strongly recommended to take probiotics?

A

When you are on strong antibiotics

  • this helps to replace bacteria killed off by the antibiotic with bacteria that will be beneficial to you
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21
Q

Prebiotics

A

contains carbohydrates to feed the probiotics

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22
Q

Common treatment for C. diff

A

Fecal Transplant AKA Fecal Bacteriotherapy

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23
Q

What is the purpose of preempt probiotics?

A

It is sprayed onto baby chicks so that it will eventually get into their gut and competetively inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria such as salmonella

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24
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

bacteria that are normally harmless, but become harmful when they get somewhere in the body where they normally are not found or the person is immunocompromised

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25
Q

Where in the body is Neisseria meningitidis normally found?

A

the respiratory tract

26
Q

ectopic

A

an abnormal place or position

27
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

specific microbes cause specific diseases

i.e. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax

28
Q

List a few limitations to Koch’s Postulates

A
  • not all pathogens can be easily cultured
  • some illnesses (signs and symptoms) can be caused by several different pathogens
  • some pathogens can cause several different diseases depending where it settles in the body
29
Q

communicable disease

A

disease that spreads from one person to another

30
Q

Direct Transmission of Disease

A

direct transmission of disease from one host to another

(i.e. kissing/sex, droplets less than 1 meter distance, bites from vectors such as mosquitoes or fleas)

31
Q

Indirect Transmission

A

transmission of disease from food, water, air droplets that have traveled a long distance, or fomites

32
Q

fomite

A

contaminated objects carrying pathogenic bacteria
(i.e. doorknobs, utensils, clothes, etc)

33
Q

zoonotic disease

A

disease tranmitted from animals to people
(i.e rabies)

34
Q

reservoir

A

source of infection

35
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

diseases that cannot be passed from one person to another (i.e. cancer, diabetes, UTI, tetanus)

36
Q

incidence

A

the number of NEW cases of disease

37
Q

prevalence

A

the TOTAL number of cases of disease (new and old combined)

38
Q

endemic

A

the regular occurence of disease within an area

39
Q

epidemic

A

the widespread occurence of a disease within an area at a particular time

40
Q

pandemic

A

widespread occurence of disease
(generally transcending national boundaries)

41
Q

Which type of viruses mutate faster? DNA or RNA viruses?

A

RNA virues

42
Q

Describe the Stages of Disease

A
  • Incubation Period: the person is infected, but has no signs or symptoms yet
  • Prodromal Period: early, non-specific signs and symptoms of disease #malaise
  • Period of Illness
  • Death (IF the immune system or medical treatments fail)
  • Period of Decline - signs and symptoms start to improve as the pathogen is killed off
  • Period of Convalescence
43
Q

Incubation Period

A

the time in which a person is infected with a pathogen before they begin to exhibit signs and symptoms

44
Q

Prodromal Period

A

the period of time in which one has been infected with a pathogen, but it’s still early and signs and symptoms experienced are non-specific (i.e. feeling of malaise)

45
Q

Period of Convalescence

A

the period in which a person is nearly fully recovered from their illness

46
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A

infections acquired at a hospital or other healthcare setting

47
Q

Iatrogenic Disease

A

infections acquired due to the careless actions of a healthcare worker

48
Q

Two Most Common Sites of Nosocomial Infections

A

UTIs & Surgical Site Infections

49
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

50
Q

Emerging Infection Diseases

A

diseases that are new or changing or showing an increase in incidence

51
Q

Notifiable Infectious Disease

A

diseases which providers are required by law to reprot to the US Public Health Service when a patient is diagnosed

52
Q

MMWR

A

Morbitity & Mortality Weekly Report

53
Q

morbidity

54
Q

mortality

55
Q

the number of NEW cases of disease

56
Q

the TOTAL number of cases of disease (new and old combined)

A

prevalence

57
Q

the regular occurence of disease within an area

58
Q

the widespread occurence of a disease within an area at a particular time

59
Q

CDC

A

Centers for Disease Control

60
Q

The CDC is an agency within the _______.

A

US Public Health Service

Microbiology (22 decks)

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