Lecture 16 - Innate Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
immunity
A
the body’s ability to fight off diseases
2
Q
innate immunity AKA
A
nonspecific immunity
3
Q
adaptive immunity AKA
A
specific or acquired immunity
4
Q
Difference between Innate and Adaptive Immunity
A
innate immunity is our broad lines of defense which one is born with protects us from any kind of pathogen whereas adaptive immunity is acquired throughout one’s lifetime and works to protect us from specific pathogens
5
Q
epidermis
A
the superficial portion of the skin
6
Q
dermis
A
the deep portion of the skin
7
Q
What makes skin waterproof?
A
keratin
8
Q
tinea pedis AKA
A
athlete’s foot
9
Q
Why is skin considered to be stratified epithelium?
A
skin is composed of epithelial cells which are stacked on top of each other in several layers
10
Q
Name 4 primary areas of the body where mucous membranes are found:
A
- GI Tract
- Genitourinary Tract
-Respiratory Tract - Lining of the Eyes
11
Q
What type of cells secrete mucous?
A
Goblet Cells
12
Q
What is the Lacrimal Gland?
A
the gland located above the eye which produces tears and moisture to keep the eye wet and clean. Also contains lysozyme - an antimicrobial enzyme.
13
Q
Which two body fluids are particularly rich in lysozyme?
A
Tears & Saliva
14
Q
mucociliary escalator
A
cilia on epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract sweep mucus with trapped debris up and away from the lungs
15
Q
cilia
A
hair-like projections on a cell
16
Q
lysozyme
A
an enzyme which attacks peptigoglycan in cells walls
17
Q
Is lysozyme more effective against Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative bacteria?
A
Gram-Positive
18
Q
Gram-Positive Bacteria stains ____.
A
Purple
19
Q
Gram-Negative Bacteria stains ______.
A
Pink
20
Q
Discovered Lysozyme
A
Alexander Flemming
21
Q
Oil Glands AKA
A
Sebaceous Glands
22
Q
sebum
A
oil
23
Q
Why are many areas of the body acidic?
A
The acidic environment make it harder for harmful bacteria to survive
24
Q
pH of gastric juice
A
1.2 - 3.0
25
pH of saliva
6.55 - 8.55
26
pH of urine
6
27
pH of vagina
3-5
28
pH of earwax
3-5
29
Why should one be cautious of taking antacids?
antacids neutralize the pH of the stomah which could increase one's risk of infection
30
bacteria species frequently causing stomach ulcers
H. pylori
31
competetive inhibition AKA microbial antagonism
normal bacteria protect against harmful microorganisms simply by taking up space (and sometimes by also creating bacteriocins) so that there is no room for harmful microorganisms to easily take up residence and cause adverse effects
32
bacteriocins
enzymes produced by bacteria which are harmful to other types of bacteria
33
Examples of the Body's First Line of Defense Against Pathogens.
- skin
- mucous membranes
- acidic environment
- normal flow of body fluids
34
Examples of the Body's Second Line of Defense Against Pathogens
- Phagocytosis
- Fever
- Inflammation
35
plasma
the the fluid portion of blood
36
platelets
fragments of megakaryocytes from the bone marrow and are important in blood clotting
37
WBC
White Blood Cells
38
RBC
Red Blood Cells
39
thrombocytes AKA
platelets
40
coagulation
the formation of blood clots
41
Platelets are well-known for their role in blood clotting, but what else are they also important for?
production of antimicrobial peptides
42
Leukocytes
White Blood Cells (WBC)
43
leuko-
white
44
-cyte
cell
45
Function of Neutrophils
Phagocytosis
neutrophils can leave the blood and enter tissues during the early stages of an infection to "eat" the pathogens
46
How can exercise help support neutrophils in the body and consequently immunity?
Neutrophils will sometimes "hangout" in the larger veins of the body. Moderate excercise increases blood flow. Increased blod flow can help push neutrophils out of the larger veins and into circulation where they can get into tissues and find more pathogens to fight off.
47
Monocytes become _________.
Macrophages
48
What does a monocyte look like?
Has a large kidney bean shaped nucleus
49
Are monocytes actively phagocytic in the blood?
No
50
Are monocytes actively phagocytic in the body tissues?
Yes, when they become macrophages.
51
Function of Dendritic Cells
phagocytosis
52
Lymphocytes
found in blood & lymphatic system and are important for immunity
53
Name 3 Types of Lymphocytes
- Natural Killer (NK) Cells
- T Cells
- B Cells
54
leukocytosis
an increase in the number of WBCs due to infection
55
leukopenia
a decrease in the number of WBCs
(Can be caused by chemo, radiation, salmonlella infection, ricketts.)
56
Differential Blood Count
Blood is smeared onto a plate a viewed under a microscope. 100 WBCs are then counted and the ratio of the different types of WBCs are determined and compared against the normal ratios for a healthy person.
57
List the Leukocytes from Most Abundant to Least Abundatnt
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
58
Macrophages are derived from ______.
Monocytes
59
What is the function of the Lymphatic System
collects lymph (fluid that has leaked from blood and cells into the tissues) and returns it to the heart while simultaneously scanning it for any pathogens
60
Lymph Nodes
structres within the lymphatic system that have high numbers of WBCs to scan lymph for pathogens
61
List 7 Important Parts of the Lymphatic System
- Lymphatic Vessles
- Lymph Nodes
- Tonsils
- Spleen
- Thymus
- Peyer's Patches
- Bone Marrow
62
Where are Peyer's Patches Found?
small intestine
63
chemotaxis
movement of a cell in response to chemical signals in the environment
64
List the 3 Main Steps of Phagocytosis
1. Bacteria attaches to receptors on the phagocyte.
2. The phagocytes morphs around the bacteria to ingest it.
3. The bacteria is degraded
65
Opsonization
Antibodies attach to antigens on a pathogen - marking it for destruction. The other end of the antibody can then bind to receptors on the phagocytes for the phagocyte to take in and destroy the pathogen.
66
vasodilation
expansion of the diameter of blood vessles
(allows for increased blood flow)
67
3 Main Steps for Inflammatory Response
1. Tissue Damage
2. Local Vasodilation for Increased Blood Flow
(symptoms: redness, swelling, pain, warm to touch)
3. Phagocytes Migrate to the Damaged Tissue to Attack Pathogens
68
Margination
phagocytes stick to the endothelium
69
endothelium
inner lining of the blood vessels
70
Diapedesis
phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells into the tissues
71
pus
collection of dead cells from an infection
72
Endotoxins
toxins found in the cell walls of Gram-Negative bacteria which is released when the bacteria is destroyed
(specifically, Lipid A found in the LPS)
73
Are endotoxins pyrogenic?
yes
74
Lipid A
an endotoxin
75
LPS contains which endotoxin?
Lipid A
76
LPS
Lipopolysaccharide
77
IL-1
Interleukin-1
(a pyrogen)
78
Explain How a Fever is Induced
When a macrophage ingests a Gram-Negative bacteria, endotoxin (Lipid A) is released from the cell wall of the bacteria.
In response to the endotoxin, the macrophage releases Interleukin-1 (IL-1) which travels to the hypothalamus of the brain and causes the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins then reset the body's thermostat to a higher temp and produce a fever.
79
Does a fever indicate the seriousness of an infection?
No
80
What temperature would start to be considered a dangerous fever (even for an adult)?
103 and higher
81
Why does one often feel cold when they have a fever?
Blood vessels near the skin (peripheral blood vessels) constrict so the body will not lose so much heat and the internal temperature can rise.
82
Why does one tend to get sweat once their fever breaks?
When the body is ready to return back to normal temperature, the peripheral blood vessels will vaso dilate so the excess heat can be lost and body temp can return to normal more quickly.
83
How to antipyretic drugs work?
antipyretic drugs inhibit the production of prostaglandins which would normally increase the body's temperature
84
Most common antipyretic drug?
Aspirin
85
transferrins
proteins which decrease the amount of free iron in the blood so that pathogenic microbes cannot use it for nutrition and growth
86
List 4 Benefits of a Fever
- IL-1 insreases the number of T-cells produced to fight the infection
- High temps inhibit some microbes
- Fever promotes the production of interferron proteins
- Fever promotes the production of transferrins which decreases the amount of free iron in the blood so that microbes cannot use it for growth
87
Interferons
antiviral proteins which interfere with viral multiplication by shutting down the protein synthesis in other cells so that they cannot be infected and reproduce the virus if infected
88
AMP
Antimicrobial Peptides
89
Complement
proteins produced by the liver which combat pathogens when activated
90
3 Ways Complement Can Combat Pathogens
- Participate in the Inflammatory Response by attracting Phagocytes and Triggering the Release of Histamine
- Cause Microbes to Lyse
- Act as Opsonin
91
What Cell Releases Histamine?
Mast Cells
92
2 Important Functions of Histamine
- causes vasodilation
- causes increased permeability of the blood vessels so that WBC can get to the damaged tissues more easily
93
How can Complement cause a cell to lyse?
the activated complement can wedge itself into the membrane of a pathogen and essentially create a tube/hole from which the insides of the pathogen can leak out from
94
What happens when Complement is activated?
when complement is activated, it splits into fragments and those fragments can cause other complements to also split in a chain reaction
95
How do Antimicrobial Peptides (AMP) Function?
they wedge themselves into the membranes of pathogens (i.e. bacteria, viruses, fungi) which disrupts the structure enough to destroy the pathogen
