Lecture 17 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards by Rebecca White

Innate Immunity AKA

Nonspecific Immunity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adaptive Immunity AKA

Specific or Acquired Immunity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Difference between Innate and Adaptive Immunity

innate immunity is the broad lines of defense which one is born with and protects us from any kind of pathogen whereas adaptive immunity is aquired throughout one’s lifetime and works to protect us from specific pathogens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 Types of Adaptive Immunity

Antibody-Mediated/Humoral Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Humoral Immunity AKA

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which type of adaptive immunity is best for protecting against extracellular pathogens?

Humoral / Antibody-Mediated Immunity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which type of adaptive immunity is best for protecting against toxins?

Humoral / Antibody-Mediated Immunity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which type of adaptive immunity is best for protecting against intracellular pathogens including viruses?

Cell-Mediated Immunity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which type of adaptive immunity is best for protecting against cancer?

Cell-Mediated Immunity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which type of adaptive immunity can attack transplanted tissues/organs?

Cell-Mediated Immunity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which type of adaptive immunity reacts with antigens?

Humoral / Antibody-Mediated Immunity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

antigen

foreign substance that induces an immune response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Antigen AKA

immunogen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

-gen

producing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epitope

Antigenic Detrminant

the portion of an antigen to which an antibody can attach

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

antibody AKA

immunoglobulin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

immunoglobulin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

antibody

Y-shaped proteins produced by the body for immunity which bind to antigens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many antigen binding site does an antibody have?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hapten

small molecules which can bind to a larger carrier molecule (i.e. a protein) to form a complete antigen and elicit an immune response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the appearance and components of an immunoglobulin?

Y shaped.
Each half of the Y has a longer “heavy chain” and a shorter “light chain” of peptides.
The tips of the heavy and light chains (the tips of the Y) are the variable components which bind to antigens. The constant components determine which class of antibody it is.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the 5 Classes of Antibodies

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which 3 Classes of Antibodies are Monomers?

IgG
IgD
IgE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which Class of Antibodies Can Act as a Monomer or Dimer?

IgA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which Class of Antibodies is a Pentamer?

IgM (pent=5 and the letter M has 5 points)

Which antibody is the most prevalent in the blood?

IgG

Which antibodies can activate complements?

IgG IgM

Which antibody can cross the placenta?

IgG

What % of serum antibodies are IgG?

80%

How can an IgG protect against viruses?

it can bind to a virus and prevent it from binding to a host cell

What % of antibodies in the serum are IgM?

5-10%

Which Antibody is normally produced the very first time you encounter a new pathogen?

IgM

What % of antibodies in the serum are IgA?

10-15%

IgA is very prevalent in which body secretions?

Mucous, Breast Milk, Tear, Colostrum

Which immunoglobulin is important in allergic reactions?

IgE

Which immunoglobulin protects against worms and protozoans?

IgE

Does IgE activate complement?

Does IgE cross the placenta?

Where is IgD sometimes found?

Attached to B Cells

Where do Lymphocytes stem from?

Stem Cells in the Bone Marrow

Name the 3 Types of Lymphocytes

- Natural Killer (NK) Cells - T Cells - B Cells

What determines if a lymphocyte becomes a B or T cell?

T Cells will mature in the Thymus. B Cells will mature in the Bone Marrow.

proliferation

a large increase in numbers

Clonal Selection

when a specific antigen is encountered the specific B cell with corresponding receptors will proliferate

Memory B Cells

long-living specialized B cells which can recognize the same pathogen which triggered their formation and colonize to produce more plasma cells with specific antibodies against it

Plasma Cells

B Cells which produce and secrete antibodies

Lifespan of a Plasma Cell

4 Days

How is it that we can produce antibodies against billions of different types of antigens?

genes in DNA coding for antibodies can rearrange

Clonal Deletion

The process through which a new lymphocyte is tested to ensure it doesn't bind to any of your body's normal receptors. If it binds to one of your own receptors (self-reactive), it is destroyed.

When self-reactive lymphocytes are not destroyed and go into the rest of the body, it causes ________.

Autoimmune Diseases

autoimmune disease

disease caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking normal, healthy cells/tissues

agglutination

when one antibody binds to two pathogenic cells

What process can help a capsualted bacteria be phagocytized?

opsonization

neutralization

when enough antibodies bind to the virus or toxin so that the virus/toxin cannot bind to a host cell

ADCC

Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity

Explain how antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity works?

When there is a pathogen (i.e. a parasite) that is too large for phagocytosis: 1. Antibodies will bind to the epitoes on the pathogen. 2. Leukocytes (i.e. Eosinophils, Macrophages, NK Cells) then bind to the antibodies attached to the pathogen and release lytic enzymes such as perforin onto the pathogen to destroy it.

How is complement intially triggered?

complement is triggered directly by a pathogen or indirectly when antibodies bind to the surface of a pathogen

hypersensitivity reaction

an immune response which is more damaging than good

Where in the body is the Thymus?

behind the sternum

APC

Antigen-Presenting Cell

Two examples of antigen-presenting cells.

- Macrophages - Dendritic Cells

Describe how an Macrophage can act as an Antigen-Presenting Cell

The macrophage will digest a pathogen then present a piece of the pathogen on it's surface (as an MHC molecule) with an antigen. This presented portion can then bind to a receptor on a T-Cell.

What are the 3 Types of T-Cells

- Helper T Cells - T Cytotoxic Cells - T Regulatory/Suppressor Cells

CD4 Cells AKA

Helper T Cells

Function of Helper T Cells

- help activate B Cells (clonal selection) - help macrophages respond to antigens

Function of Cytotoxic T Cells

release Perforin and Granzyme to directly destroy pathogens

Function of NK Cells

release Perforin and Granzyme to directly destroy pathogens

3 Functions of Regulatory T-Cells

- combat autoimmunity by inhibiting self-reactive T cells - protect bacterial flora from the immune system - protect an embryo and fetus from immune attack

cells primarily responsible for immune response intiated from a vaccine

Dendritic Cells

4 Types of Acquired Immunity

- Naturally Acquired Active Immunity - Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity - Artificially Acquired Active Immunity - Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

What type of Acquired Immunity occurs when an unvaccinated child gets sick with chicken pox?

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

What type of Acquired Immunity occurs when antibodies are passed from mom to baby through the placenta?

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

What type of Acquired Immunity occurs when antibodies are passed from mom to baby through breast milk?

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

What type of Acquired Immunity occurs when one is vaccinated?

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

What tpe of Acquired Immunity occurs when antibodies (i.e. antivenom) are injected into a patient?

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

Difference Between Active and Passive Immunity

In active immunity, the body is exposed to an antigen and in response produces the antibodies. In passive immunity, antibodies are given to the person.

SCID

Severe Combined Immune Deficiency a defect in both B and T cells

Two Methods to Treat SCID

- Bone Marrow Transplant - Gene Therapy

Hypogammaglobulinemia

abnormally low concentrations of all types of immunoglobulins in the body

AIDS & HIV target ________.

CD4+ T Cells

Attenuated Microbes

microbes that have lost their ability to confer disease due to the age of the microbe

Live-Attenuated Vaccine

a vaccine containing live attenuated microbes which are unable to cause disease but can instigate the body to produce antibodies

Inactivated or Killed Vaccines

vaccines of killed microbes

What type of vaccine is MMR?

Live-Attenuated Vaccine

What type of vaccine is the chicken pox vaccine?

Live-Attenuated Vaccine

Sub-Unit Vaccine

vaccine of only a part of the pathogen rather than the whole pathogen

Nucleic Acid Vaccines

uses genetic material from a pathogen to stimulate immunity