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Microbiology > Lecture 17 - Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Innate Immunity AKA

A

Nonspecific Immunity

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2
Q

Adaptive Immunity AKA

A

Specific or Acquired Immunity

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3
Q

Difference between Innate and Adaptive Immunity

A

innate immunity is the broad lines of defense which one is born with and protects us from any kind of pathogen whereas adaptive immunity is aquired throughout one’s lifetime and works to protect us from specific pathogens

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4
Q

2 Types of Adaptive Immunity

A
  • Antibody-Mediated/Humoral Immunity
  • Cell-Mediated Immunity
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5
Q

Humoral Immunity AKA

A

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

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6
Q

Which type of adaptive immunity is best for protecting against extracellular pathogens?

A

Humoral / Antibody-Mediated Immunity

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7
Q

Which type of adaptive immunity is best for protecting against toxins?

A

Humoral / Antibody-Mediated Immunity

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8
Q

Which type of adaptive immunity is best for protecting against intracellular pathogens including viruses?

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

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9
Q

Which type of adaptive immunity is best for protecting against cancer?

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

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10
Q

Which type of adaptive immunity can attack transplanted tissues/organs?

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

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11
Q

Which type of adaptive immunity reacts with antigens?

A

Humoral / Antibody-Mediated Immunity

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12
Q

antigen

A

foreign substance that induces an immune response

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13
Q

Antigen AKA

A

immunogen

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14
Q

-gen

A

producing

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15
Q

Epitope

A

Antigenic Detrminant

the portion of an antigen to which an antibody can attach

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16
Q

antibody AKA

A

immunoglobulin

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17
Q

Ig

A

immunoglobulin

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18
Q

antibody

A

Y-shaped proteins produced by the body for immunity which bind to antigens

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19
Q

How many antigen binding site does an antibody have?

A

2

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20
Q

hapten

A

small molecules which can bind to a larger carrier molecule (i.e. a protein) to form a complete antigen and elicit an immune response

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21
Q

Describe the appearance and components of an immunoglobulin?

A

Y shaped.
Each half of the Y has a longer “heavy chain” and a shorter “light chain” of peptides.
The tips of the heavy and light chains (the tips of the Y) are the variable components which bind to antigens. The constant components determine which class of antibody it is.

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22
Q

Name the 5 Classes of Antibodies

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE

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23
Q

Which 3 Classes of Antibodies are Monomers?

A

IgG
IgD
IgE

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24
Q

Which Class of Antibodies Can Act as a Monomer or Dimer?

A

IgA

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25
Q

Which Class of Antibodies is a Pentamer?

A

IgM

(pent=5 and the letter M has 5 points)

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26
Q

Which antibody is the most prevalent in the blood?

A

IgG

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27
Q

Which antibodies can activate complements?

A

IgG
IgM

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28
Q

Which antibody can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

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29
Q

What % of serum antibodies are IgG?

A

80%

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30
Q

How can an IgG protect against viruses?

A

it can bind to a virus and prevent it from binding to a host cell

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31
Q

What % of antibodies in the serum are IgM?

A

5-10%

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32
Q

Which Antibody is normally produced the very first time you encounter a new pathogen?

A

IgM

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33
Q

What % of antibodies in the serum are IgA?

A

10-15%

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34
Q

IgA is very prevalent in which body secretions?

A

Mucous, Breast Milk, Tear, Colostrum

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35
Q

Which immunoglobulin is important in allergic reactions?

A

IgE

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36
Q

Which immunoglobulin protects against worms and protozoans?

A

IgE

37
Q

Does IgE activate complement?

A

no

38
Q

Does IgE cross the placenta?

A

no

39
Q

Where is IgD sometimes found?

A

Attached to B Cells

40
Q

Where do Lymphocytes stem from?

A

Stem Cells in the Bone Marrow

41
Q

Name the 3 Types of Lymphocytes

A
  • Natural Killer (NK) Cells
  • T Cells
  • B Cells
42
Q

What determines if a lymphocyte becomes a B or T cell?

A

T Cells will mature in the Thymus.
B Cells will mature in the Bone Marrow.

43
Q

proliferation

A

a large increase in numbers

44
Q

Clonal Selection

A

when a specific antigen is encountered the specific B cell with corresponding receptors will proliferate

45
Q

Memory B Cells

A

long-living specialized B cells which can recognize the same pathogen which triggered their formation and colonize to produce more plasma cells with specific antibodies against it

46
Q

Plasma Cells

A

B Cells which produce and secrete antibodies

47
Q

Lifespan of a Plasma Cell

A

4 Days

48
Q

How is it that we can produce antibodies against billions of different types of antigens?

A

genes in DNA coding for antibodies can rearrange

49
Q

Clonal Deletion

A

The process through which a new lymphocyte is tested to ensure it doesn’t bind to any of your body’s normal receptors. If it binds to one of your own receptors (self-reactive), it is destroyed.

50
Q

When self-reactive lymphocytes are not destroyed and go into the rest of the body, it causes ________.

A

Autoimmune Diseases

51
Q

autoimmune disease

A

disease caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking normal, healthy cells/tissues

52
Q

agglutination

A

when one antibody binds to two pathogenic cells

53
Q

What process can help a capsualted bacteria be phagocytized?

A

opsonization

54
Q

neutralization

A

when enough antibodies bind to the virus or toxin so that the virus/toxin cannot bind to a host cell

55
Q

ADCC

A

Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity

56
Q

Explain how antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity works?

A

When there is a pathogen (i.e. a parasite) that is too large for phagocytosis:

  1. Antibodies will bind to the epitoes on the pathogen.
  2. Leukocytes (i.e. Eosinophils, Macrophages, NK Cells) then bind to the antibodies attached to the pathogen and release lytic enzymes such as perforin onto the pathogen to destroy it.
57
Q

How is complement intially triggered?

A

complement is triggered directly by a pathogen or indirectly when antibodies bind to the surface of a pathogen

58
Q

hypersensitivity reaction

A

an immune response which is more damaging than good

59
Q

Where in the body is the Thymus?

A

behind the sternum

60
Q

APC

A

Antigen-Presenting Cell

61
Q

Two examples of antigen-presenting cells.

A
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic Cells
62
Q

Describe how an Macrophage can act as an Antigen-Presenting Cell

A

The macrophage will digest a pathogen then present a piece of the pathogen on it’s surface (as an MHC molecule) with an antigen. This presented portion can then bind to a receptor on a T-Cell.

63
Q

What are the 3 Types of T-Cells

A
  • Helper T Cells
  • T Cytotoxic Cells
  • T Regulatory/Suppressor Cells
64
Q

CD4 Cells AKA

A

Helper T Cells

65
Q

Function of Helper T Cells

A
  • help activate B Cells (clonal selection)
  • help macrophages respond to antigens
66
Q

Function of Cytotoxic T Cells

A

release Perforin and Granzyme to directly destroy pathogens

67
Q

Function of NK Cells

A

release Perforin and Granzyme to directly destroy pathogens

68
Q

3 Functions of Regulatory T-Cells

A
  • combat autoimmunity by inhibiting self-reactive T cells
  • protect bacterial flora from the immune system
  • protect an embryo and fetus from immune attack
69
Q

cells primarily responsible for immune response intiated from a vaccine

A

Dendritic Cells

70
Q

4 Types of Acquired Immunity

A
  • Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
  • Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
  • Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
  • Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
71
Q

What type of Acquired Immunity occurs when an unvaccinated child gets sick with chicken pox?

A

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

72
Q

What type of Acquired Immunity occurs when antibodies are passed from mom to baby through the placenta?

A

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

73
Q

What type of Acquired Immunity occurs when antibodies are passed from mom to baby through breast milk?

A

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

74
Q

What type of Acquired Immunity occurs when one is vaccinated?

A

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

75
Q

What tpe of Acquired Immunity occurs when antibodies (i.e. antivenom) are injected into a patient?

A

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

76
Q

Difference Between Active and Passive Immunity

A

In active immunity, the body is exposed to an antigen and in response produces the antibodies. In passive immunity, antibodies are given to the person.

77
Q

SCID

A

Severe Combined Immune Deficiency

a defect in both B and T cells

78
Q

Two Methods to Treat SCID

A
  • Bone Marrow Transplat
  • Gene Therapy
79
Q

Hypogammaglobulinemia

A

abnormally low concentrations of all types of immunoglobulins in the body

80
Q

AIDS & HIV target ________.

A

CD4+ T Cells

81
Q

Attenuated Microbes

A

microbes that have lost their ability to confer disease due to the age of the microbe

82
Q

Live-Attenuated Vaccine

A

a vaccine containing live attenuated microbes which are unable to cause disease but can instigate the body to produce antibodies

83
Q

Inactivated or Killed Vaccines

A

vaccines of killed microbes

84
Q

What type of vaccine is MMR?

A

Live-Attenuated Vaccine

85
Q

What type of vaccine is the chicken pox vaccine?

A

Live-Attenuated Vaccine

86
Q

Sub-Unit Vaccine

A

vaccine of only a part of the pathogen rather than the whole pathogen

87
Q

Nucleic Acid Vaccines

A

uses genetic material from a pathogen to stimulate immunity

88
Q
A

Microbiology (22 decks)

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