Lecture 1 - Intro to Microbio Flashcards
1
Q
Bacteriology
A
the study of bacteria
2
Q
Mycology
A
the study of fungi
3
Q
Parasitology
A
the study of parasitic worms & protozoa
4
Q
Immunology
A
the study of immunity
5
Q
binomial nomenclature
A
two-name naming system
(Genus species –> G. species
i.e. Escherichia coli –> E. coli)
6
Q
3 Domains of Life
A
ABE
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
7
Q
4 Kingoms of Eukarya
A
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists
8
Q
From Largest to Smallest, List the Categories in the Taxonomy Heirarchy
A
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
9
Q
Specific Epithet AKA
A
species
10
Q
Prokaryotes include which two Domains?
A
Bacteria & Archaea
11
Q
Staphylo-
A
clustered
(like grapes)
12
Q
-coccus
A
spherical shaped
13
Q
aureus
A
golden colored
(Au = gold)
14
Q
Shape of bacillus
A
rod-like
15
Q
Which is the genus and which is the species in the following name?
Staphylococcus aureus
A
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: aureus
16
Q
Eukaryotes
A
organisms whose cells have a nucleus & organelles
17
Q
Prokaryotes
A
single-celled organisms; do not have a nucleus & organelles
18
Q
Are viruses eukaryotes or prokaryotes? Why?
A
Neither. Because they are acellular (not made of cells).
19
Q
acellular
A
not made of cells
20
Q
Which is smaller? Bacteria or Viruses
A
viruses
21
Q
Name Some Features of Viruses
A
- Acellular
- Nucleic Acid (can be DNA or RNA)
- Protein Coat
- External Membrane #envelope (only some viruses)
22
Q
Inert
A
somewhere between living and non-living
23
Q
What is the only way a virus can multiply? Why?
A
Viruses can only multiply by infecting other cells. Because they do not have the machinery to replicate on their own, they must use the machinery of a host cell.
24
Q
virion
A
Any single, fully-formed virus that can infect a cell.
25
pathogen
disease causing entity
26
Which of the 3 Domains of Life is not known to cause disease in humans?
Archaea
27
Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?
No. They have a nucleoid region instead.
28
microbial ecology
studies the interactions of microbes with their environment
29
photosynthsis reaction
energy + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
energy + carbon dioxide + water --> glucose + oxygen
30
cellular respiration reaction
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy
31
Are algae eurkaryotic or prokaryotic?
eukaryotic
(have a nucleus and organelles)
32
Which Eukaryotic Kingdom do slime molds belong to?
Protists
33
Name one type of bacteria that can make their own food from their environment.
cyanobacteria
(blue pigment allows them to capture light and perform photosynthesis)
34
oxygenic
oxygen producing
35
C H O N P S
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
36
C
carbon
37
H
Hydrogen
38
O
Oxygen
39
N
Nitrogen
40
P
Phosphorus
41
S
Sulfur
42
6 Most Abundant Elements in Living Oranisms
C H O N P S
43
Bioremedation
using microbes to clean up pollutants/toxic wastes
(the microbe can eat/metabolize/breakdown the toxic substance into something that isn’t so harmful)
44
GMO
Genetically Modified Organisms
45
Biotechnology
using microorganisms to make useful products
46
Recombinant DNA
DNA from two species joined together
47
2 imporant Protein Drugs that are readily available now because of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Insulin
- Growth Hormone
48
plasmid
extrachromosomal DNA found in bacteria
49
Explain How Recombinant DNA Technology Works
- Plasmids are cut open using Restriction Enzymes #scissors
- DNA from another organisim is inserted in the opening
- Ligase Enzymes "glue" the two pieces of DNA together to form a circular piece of Recombinant DNA
- Recombinant DNA is inserted into the desired organism
50
Restriction Digest
#scissors
Cutting DNA using Restriction Enzymes
51
Ligase
#glue
Enzyme that joins pieces of DNA together
52
Fission
bacterial cell division/reproduction
53
Flora
normal microbiota
normal distribution of bacteria on the body and in the GI tract
54
2 Major Benefits of Our Normal Flora
- Immunity (low pH & competetive inhibition)
- B & K Vitamin Production
55
biofilm
micobial communities
(can be dry or wet) that are HIGHLY resistant to antimicrobial drugs & host immune system
56
quorum sensing
refers to how bacteria communicate with eachother and coordinate behavior within the matrix of the biofilm
57
Edward Jenner
Discovered & Administered Vaccinations
#milkmaid #smallpox #cowpox #vaccination
58
Is smallpox considered eradicated?
Yes.
59
Louis Pasteur
5 Major Accomplishments
- Pasteurization
- Disproved Spontaneous Generation
- Aseptic Techniques (to only grow one type of bacteria in a culture)
- Microorganisms Cause Disease
- Showed some virulent bacteria can become avirulent over time #Chickens&Cholera
60
virulent
disease causing
61
avirulent
not disease causing
62
Explain Pasteur's Chicken Cholera Experiment
Fresh cholera will kill a chicken. Aged culture of cholera will not kill a chicken and instead help it build immunity against fresh cholera.
63
Attenuated Microbes
Microbes that have lost their ability to confer disease #avirulent
64
Rudolf Virchow
Showed all cells come from other cells.
(omnis cellula e cellua)
65
Hansen's Disease AKA
lepracy
66
Phenol AKA
Carbolic Acid
67
Used phenol (carbolic acid) to sterilize wounds
Jospeh Lister
68
Koch's Postulates
specific microbes cause specific diseases
#BacillusAnthracis-->anthrax
69
Robert Koch
Developed Koch's Postulates stating that specific microbes cause specific diseases
70
Alexander Flemming
discovered penicillin
71
Paul Ehrlich
Salvarsan for Syphillis
#MagicBullet
72
Salvarsan is used to treat ______.
Syphillis
73
Infectious Diseases
a pathogen invades a susceptible host
74
Plasmodium causes _______.
Malaria
75
Prion
protiens that can cause disease
76
Noninfectious Disease
diseases that are not caused by pathogens and cannot be passed from one person to another
77
Emerging Infectious Diseases
diseases that are breaking out in larger numbers than usual (can be new or old diseases)
78
Which Eukaryotic Kingdom do algae belong to?
Protists
79
Which Eukaryotic Kingdom are molds and yeasts part of?
Fungi
80
Which Eukaryotic Kingdom are mosses a part of?
Plants
81
Which Eukaryotic Kingdom are worms a part of?
Animals
82
What is the difference between the cell walls of bacteria and archaea?
Bacterial cell walls contain PEPTIDOGLYCAN.
Arachaea cell walls DO NOT contain peptidoglycan.
83
helminths AKA
worms
84
What type of microscope must be used to see viruses?
Electron Microscope
85
What is one example of a Biogeochemical Cycle?
Nitrogen Cycle
86
Two Genus of Bacteria Particularly Useful in Bioremediation
Bacillus
Pseudomonas
87
What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae?
a species of yeast which feeds on sugar and is used to make beer
88
Plants are photosynthetic and can use the energy from the sun to produce sugar and O2. Can bacteria also be photosynthetic?
Yes.
i.e. Cyanobacteria
89
cyan
blue
90
Bacteria that Produces Bt Toxin
Bacillus thuringiensis
91
Prior to the advent of scientists creating genetically modified organisms, where did Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Rx come from?
cadavers
92
Prior to the advent of scientists creating genetically modified organisms, where did insulin Rx come from?
Slaughtered Pigs
93
What is the ratio of bacteria on our bodies to our total cells?
We are outnumbered 10:1
94
Which bacteria is often the culprit for causing dental caries (cavities)?
Streptococcus mutants
95
Causes Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
96
Chemotherapy
Treatment of disease with chemicals taken into the body
97
Malaria is caused by
Plasmodium
98
Aseptic Techniques
procedures used to prevent microbial contamination & infection
