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Microbiology > Lecture 1 - Intro to Microbio > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Intro to Microbio Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteriology

A

the study of bacteria

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2
Q

Mycology

A

the study of fungi

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3
Q

Parasitology

A

the study of parasitic worms & protozoa

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4
Q

Immunology

A

the study of immunity

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5
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

two-name naming system

(Genus species –> G. species
i.e. Escherichia coli –> E. coli)

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6
Q

3 Domains of Life

A

ABE

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

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7
Q

4 Kingoms of Eukarya

A

Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists

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8
Q

From Largest to Smallest, List the Categories in the Taxonomy Heirarchy

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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9
Q

Specific Epithet AKA

A

species

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10
Q

Prokaryotes include which two Domains?

A

Bacteria & Archaea

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11
Q

Staphylo-

A

clustered
(like grapes)

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12
Q

-coccus

A

spherical shaped

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13
Q

aureus

A

golden colored

(Au = gold)

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14
Q

Shape of bacillus

A

rod-like

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15
Q

Which is the genus and which is the species in the following name?

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Genus: Staphylococcus

Species: aureus

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16
Q

Eukaryotes

A

organisms whose cells have a nucleus & organelles

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17
Q

Prokaryotes

A

single-celled organisms; do not have a nucleus & organelles

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18
Q

Are viruses eukaryotes or prokaryotes? Why?

A

Neither. Because they are acellular (not made of cells).

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19
Q

acellular

A

not made of cells

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20
Q

Which is smaller? Bacteria or Viruses

A

viruses

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21
Q

Name Some Features of Viruses

A
  • Acellular
  • Nucleic Acid (can be DNA or RNA)
  • Protein Coat
  • External Membrane #envelope (only some viruses)
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22
Q

Inert

A

somewhere between living and non-living

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23
Q

What is the only way a virus can multiply? Why?

A

Viruses can only multiply by infecting other cells. Because they do not have the machinery to replicate on their own, they must use the machinery of a host cell.

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24
Q

virion

A

Any single, fully-formed virus that can infect a cell.

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25
Q

pathogen

A

disease causing entity

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26
Q

Which of the 3 Domains of Life is not known to cause disease in humans?

A

Archaea

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27
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

No. They have a nucleoid region instead.

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28
Q

microbial ecology

A

studies the interactions of microbes with their environment

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29
Q

photosynthsis reaction

A

energy + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

energy + carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

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30
Q

cellular respiration reaction

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + energy

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31
Q

Are algae eurkaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

eukaryotic
(have a nucleus and organelles)

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32
Q

Which Eukaryotic Kingdom do slime molds belong to?

A

Protists

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33
Q

Name one type of bacteria that can make their own food from their environment.

A

cyanobacteria

(blue pigment allows them to capture light and perform photosynthesis)

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34
Q

oxygenic

A

oxygen producing

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35
Q

C H O N P S

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur

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36
Q

C

A

carbon

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37
Q

H

A

Hydrogen

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38
Q

O

A

Oxygen

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39
Q

N

A

Nitrogen

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40
Q

P

A

Phosphorus

41
Q

S

42
Q

6 Most Abundant Elements in Living Oranisms

A

C H O N P S

43
Q

Bioremedation

A

using microbes to clean up pollutants/toxic wastes

(the microbe can eat/metabolize/breakdown the toxic substance into something that isn’t so harmful)

44
Q

GMO

A

Genetically Modified Organisms

45
Q

Biotechnology

A

using microorganisms to make useful products

46
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA from two species joined together

47
Q

2 imporant Protein Drugs that are readily available now because of Recombinant DNA Technology

A
  • Insulin
  • Growth Hormone
48
Q

plasmid

A

extrachromosomal DNA found in bacteria

49
Q

Explain How Recombinant DNA Technology Works

A
  • Plasmids are cut open using Restriction Enzymes #scissors
  • DNA from another organisim is inserted in the opening
  • Ligase Enzymes “glue” the two pieces of DNA together to form a circular piece of Recombinant DNA
  • Recombinant DNA is inserted into the desired organism
50
Q

Restriction Digest

A

scissors

Cutting DNA using Restriction Enzymes

51
Q

Ligase

A

glue

Enzyme that joins pieces of DNA together

52
Q

Fission

A

bacterial cell division/reproduction

53
Q

Flora

A

normal microbiota

normal distribution of bacteria on the body and in the GI tract

54
Q

2 Major Benefits of Our Normal Flora

A
  • Immunity (low pH & competetive inhibition)
  • B & K Vitamin Production
55
Q

biofilm

A

micobial communities
(can be dry or wet) that are HIGHLY resistant to antimicrobial drugs & host immune system

56
Q

quorum sensing

A

refers to how bacteria communicate with eachother and coordinate behavior within the matrix of the biofilm

57
Q

Edward Jenner

A

milkmaid #smallpox #cowpox #vaccination

Discovered & Administered Vaccinations

58
Q

Is smallpox considered eradicated?

59
Q

Louis Pasteur

5 Major Accomplishments

A
  • Pasteurization
  • Disproved Spontaneous Generation
  • Aseptic Techniques (to only grow one type of bacteria in a culture)
  • Microorganisms Cause Disease
  • Showed some virulent bacteria can become avirulent over time #Chickens&Cholera
60
Q

virulent

A

disease causing

61
Q

avirulent

A

not disease causing

62
Q

Explain Pasteur’s Chicken Cholera Experiment

A

Fresh cholera will kill a chicken. Aged culture of cholera will not kill a chicken and instead help it build immunity against fresh cholera.

63
Q

Attenuated Microbes

A

Microbes that have lost their ability to confer disease #avirulent

64
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

Showed all cells come from other cells.
(omnis cellula e cellua)

65
Q

Hansen’s Disease AKA

66
Q

Phenol AKA

A

Carbolic Acid

67
Q

Used phenol (carbolic acid) to sterilize wounds

A

Jospeh Lister

68
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

BacillusAnthracis–>anthrax

specific microbes cause specific diseases

69
Q

Robert Koch

A

Developed Koch’s Postulates stating that specific microbes cause specific diseases

70
Q

Alexander Flemming

A

discovered penicillin

71
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Salvarsan for Syphillis
#MagicBullet

72
Q

Salvarsan is used to treat ______.

73
Q

Infectious Diseases

A

a pathogen invades a susceptible host

74
Q

Plasmodium causes _______.

75
Q

Prion

A

protiens that can cause disease

76
Q

Noninfectious Disease

A

diseases that are not caused by pathogens and cannot be passed from one person to another

77
Q

Emerging Infectious Diseases

A

diseases that are breaking out in larger numbers than usual (can be new or old diseases)

78
Q

Which Eukaryotic Kingdom do algae belong to?

79
Q

Which Eukaryotic Kingdom are molds and yeasts part of?

80
Q

Which Eukaryotic Kingdom are mosses a part of?

81
Q

Which Eukaryotic Kingdom are worms a part of?

82
Q

What is the difference between the cell walls of bacteria and archaea?

A

Bacterial cell walls contain PEPTIDOGLYCAN.

Arachaea cell walls DO NOT contain peptidoglycan.

83
Q

helminths AKA

84
Q

What type of microscope must be used to see viruses?

A

Electron Microscope

85
Q

What is one example of a Biogeochemical Cycle?

A

Nitrogen Cycle

86
Q

Two Genus of Bacteria Particularly Useful in Bioremediation

A

Bacillus
Pseudomonas

87
Q

What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

A

a species of yeast which feeds on sugar and is used to make beer

88
Q

Plants are photosynthetic and can use the energy from the sun to produce sugar and O2. Can bacteria also be photosynthetic?

A

Yes.
i.e. Cyanobacteria

89
Q

cyan

90
Q

Bacteria that Produces Bt Toxin

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

91
Q

Prior to the advent of scientists creating genetically modified organisms, where did Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Rx come from?

92
Q

Prior to the advent of scientists creating genetically modified organisms, where did insulin Rx come from?

A

Slaughtered Pigs

93
Q

What is the ratio of bacteria on our bodies to our total cells?

A

We are outnumbered 10:1

94
Q

Which bacteria is often the culprit for causing dental caries (cavities)?

A

Streptococcus mutants

95
Q

Causes Anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

96
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Treatment of disease with chemicals taken into the body

97
Q

Malaria is caused by

A

Plasmodium

98
Q

Aseptic Techniques

A

procedures used to prevent microbial contamination & infection

Microbiology (22 decks)

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