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Microbiology > Lecture 15 - Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the difference and relationship between INFECTION and DISEASE

A

Infection occurs when a pathogen gains access to a part of the body where it shouldn’t be or in abnormally high numbers and can cause disease once the pathogen causes cellular damage

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2
Q

What is the most important determinant of a disease outcome?

A

the host’s immune system

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3
Q

pathogenicity

A

the ability of a microbe to cause disease

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4
Q

virulence

A

the relative degree of pathogenicity

(the relative degree of the ability of a microbe to cause disease)

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5
Q

Name the 4 Main Steps that Must Occur for a Pathogen to Cause Disease

A

1 - Pathogen must gain access to the host through a portal of entry
2 - Pathogen must be able to adhere/stick to the body
3 - Pathogen must be able to penetrate and evade host’s immune defenses
4 - Pathogen must damage the host’s tissues

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6
Q

Name 3 Portals of Entry Specific to Women

A
  • Mammary Glands
  • Vagina
  • Placenta
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7
Q

List Common Portals of Entry

A
  • eyes
  • ears
  • mouth
  • nose
  • broken skin
  • urethra
  • anus
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8
Q

mucous membranes

A

membranes lining body cavities that have an opening to the outside

(i.e. entire GI tract, urinary tract, bronchi)

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9
Q

Parental Route of Entry

A

when a break in the skin becomes a portal of entry for a microbe

(i.e. dog bite, insect bite, cut/scrape, contaminated needle)

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10
Q

Lethal Dose

A

the number of microbes it would take to kill half of the exposed population

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11
Q

Infective Dose

A

The dose that will cause disease in 50% of the population

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12
Q

ID

A

Infective Dose

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13
Q

LD

A

Lethal Dose

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14
Q

adhesin

A

found on the surface of bacterial cell walls which helps them adhere to the host’s membranes

  • this aids the bacteria in resisting the normal flow of body fluids so that it can cause an infection
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15
Q

Can staphylococcus aureus form a capsule?

A

Yes

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16
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating

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17
Q

Name 2 Components of a Cell Wall that are Anti-Phagocytic

A
  • LPS (Lipopolysaccharide)
  • Mycolic Acid
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18
Q

LPS

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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19
Q

Where is LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) Found?

A

the cell walls of Gram-Negative bacteria

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20
Q

Name a Genus of Bacteria that Produces Mycolic Acid

A

Mycoplasma

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21
Q

coagulase

A

an enzyme produced by some bacteria causing blood to clot

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22
Q

fibrinolysin

A

an enzyme secreted by some bacteria to break down clots

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23
Q

streptokinase

A

a type of fibrinolysin

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24
Q

hyaluronidase

A

an enzyme secreted by some bacteria to break down hyaluronic acid in the body

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25
Q

collagenase

A

an enzyme secreted by some bacteria to break down collagen

26
Q

IgA protease

A

an enzyme secreted by some bacteria to destroy IgA antibodies

27
Q

antigen

A

foreign substance that induces an immune response

28
Q

antigenic variation

A

occurs when an antigen mutates in such a way that the body cannot readily recognize it and initate an effective immune response rapidly

29
Q

How is it that viruses mutate so well?

A

RNA viruses are replicated by RNA Polymerase which is fairly error-prone. When RNA Polymerase makes a mistake it can change the RNA in such a way that it may code for different spike proteins

30
Q

Is COVID an RNA or DNA Virus?

A

RNA

31
Q

Membrane Ruffling

A

A method in which bacteria can pass into a huaman cell.

32
Q

siderophore

A

Molelcule secreted by bacteria that attach to Iron (Fe). The bacteria then reabsorb the siderophore attached to the Fe.

33
Q

LPS contains which endotoxin?

A

Lipid A

34
Q

Name two categories of Microbial Toxins

A

Endotoxins & Exotoxins

35
Q

Where are the genes for most exotoxins found?

A

Plasmids or Prophages

36
Q

Toxin Produced by Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Erythrogenic Toxin

37
Q

Toxin Produced by Clostridium botulinum

A

Botulinum Toxin

38
Q

Toxin Produced by Clostridium Tetani

A

Tetanus Toxin AKA Tetanospasmin

39
Q

Neurotoxins

A

exotoxins that attack nerve cells

40
Q

Enterotoxins

A

exotoxins that attack the intestines

41
Q

Leukocidin

A

an exotoxin which attacks and kills WBCs by disrupting the cell membrane

42
Q

-cide

A

to kill/destroy

43
Q

leuk/o

A

white

44
Q

WBC

A

White Blood Cells

45
Q

Hemolysin

A

an exotoxin which destroys RBCs

46
Q

RBC

A

Red Blood Cells

47
Q

hemo-

A

blood

48
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria Stains

A

Pink

49
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria Stains

A

Purple

50
Q

Is Clostridium geneus Gram-Positive or Negative?

A

Gram-Positive

51
Q

Do Gram-Negatives have endotoxin in their cell walls?

A

Yes - Lipid A

52
Q

pyrogen

A

fever-causing

53
Q

Are Endotoxins pyrogens?

A

Yes

54
Q

Are Exotoxins pyrogens?

A

Not necessarily

55
Q

Idiopathic Miscarriages may be associated with _____.

A

Endotoxins

56
Q

DIC

A

Disseminated Intravasular Coagulation

57
Q

What is DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)?

A

tissue death caused by endotoxins causing numerous little blood clots which block off capillaries and consequently cause tissue death

58
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions

A

immune responses that are more damaging than good (i.e. autoimmune reactions, transplant rejections, severe allergies)

59
Q

describe the tell-telll symptoms of shingles

A

rash or blistery-sores generally presenting only on one half of the body

60
Q

List a Few Pathogenic Properties of Fungi

A
  • capsules
  • production of toxins
  • induction of hypersensitivity reactions
61
Q

Which portal of exit on a person is most common?

A

Respiratory (i.e. coughing and sneezing)

Microbiology (22 decks)

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