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Microbiology > Lecture 4 - Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cytosol vs Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol is the liquid interior of the cell.

Cytoplasm is the cytosol + the organelles and internal structures

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2
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

A

Eukaryotic Cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles whereas Prokaryotic Cells do not.

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3
Q

Which 2 Domains Contain Prokaryotes?

A

Archaea & Bacteria

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4
Q

Most bacteria have a cell wall. One genus that is an exception to this is _______.

A

Mycoplasma

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5
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

the protein scaffolding that helps cells hold their structure and may help facilitate movement.

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6
Q

Organelles

A

Are found only in eukaryotic cells.
Essentially are mini-organs for the cells to carry out different functions.

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7
Q

Do Prokaryotes have organelles?

A

No

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8
Q

Do Eukaryotes have organelles?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Plasma Membrane AKA

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

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10
Q

Do Eukaryotes have a plasma membrane?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Do Prokaryotes have a plasma membrane?

A

Yes

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12
Q

two parts of a phospholipid

A
  • hydrophilic phosphoric head
  • hydrophobic fatty-acid tail
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13
Q

What molecules can pass through the plasma membrane on their own?

A

Small, non-polar molecules.

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14
Q

Passive Transport vs Active Transport

A

Passive Transport does not require any Energy (ATP) to move the molecules across the membrane whereas Active Transport does.

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15
Q

What is the energy source within cells?

A

ATP
(adenosine triphosphate)

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16
Q

Diffusion

A

small, non-polar molecules can passively cross the plasma membrane anywhere along the membrane

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17
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

larger, polar molecules can passively cross the plasma membran through a transport protein.

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18
Q

Osmosis

A

the passive diffusion of WATER across the plasma membrane

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19
Q

Passive Transport

A

molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

(molecules move down the gradient like a boulder rolling down a hil)

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20
Q

Active Transport

A

ATP (energy) is used to move molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration

(molecules move up the gradient like someone carrying a big rock up a hil)

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21
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

equilibrium

the concentration of the solution is equal to the concentration inside the cell

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22
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

cellswells #likeahippo

the concentration of the solution is less than the concentation inside the cell

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23
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

cellshrivels

the concentration of solution is greater than the concentration inside the cell

(like pouring salt on a snail)

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24
Q

Group Translocation

A

a molecule is chemically modified as it crosses the plasma membrane

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25
Q

Endocytosis & Exocytosis only occurs in _______.

A

Eukaryotes

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26
Q

Endocytosis

A

the cell membrane invaginates itself to form a vacuole and bring molecules into the cell

molecules ENTER the cell

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27
Q

Exocytosis

A

a vacuole fuses with the cell membrane to release molecules outside of the cell

molecules EXIT the cell

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28
Q

3 Methods of Endocytosis

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
  • Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
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29
Q

Phagocytosis vs Pinocytosis

A

Phagocytosis is “cell eating”
Pinocytosis is “cell drinking”

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30
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

Receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane bond to specific molecules. Once the molecule bonds to the receptor, the plasma membrane will invaginate to form a vacuole and take it in.

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31
Q

mono-

A

one

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32
Q

amphi-

A

both

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33
Q

perio-

A

around

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34
Q

monotrichous

A

one flagella

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35
Q

amphitrichous

A

one flagella at each end of the cell
(two total)

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36
Q

lophotrichous

A

multiple flagella at one end of the cell

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37
Q

periotrichous

A

multiple flagella around the cell

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38
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement of a cell in response to chemical cues

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39
Q

Which bacteria is a common cause of UTIs?

A

Escherichia coli
(E. coli)

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40
Q

cilia

A

short, hair-like projections on the surface of eukaryotic cells for movement

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41
Q

Endoflagella AKA

A

Axial Filaments

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42
Q

What type of cytoskeleton structure forms spirochaetes?

A

Axial Filaments

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43
Q

Two common spirochaetes causing illness?

A
  • Treponeum padillum (causes Syphilis)
  • Borrelia burgdorferi (causes Lyme disease)
44
Q

Fimbriae

A

used for attachment to surfaces and other cells

45
Q

DNA in a Eukaryote vs. DNA in a Prokaryote

A

Eukaryotic DNA is linear and tightly packaged in a membrane-bound nucleus

Prokaryotic DNA is circular and balled up in a nucleoid region

46
Q

Histones

A

proteins that eukaryotic DNA is wound around to package it into a smaller space

47
Q

Chromosomes

A

Tightly packaged DNA in Eukaryotes

48
Q

HU Proteins

A

used to pin prokaryotic DNA together so it stays within a nucleoid region

49
Q

HU Proteins are found in ______.

A

Prokaryotes

50
Q

Histones are found in ______.

A

Eukaryotes

51
Q

Plasmids

A

bonusDNA

small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA found found in bacteria

52
Q

What does conjugation of bacteria allow?

A

Conjugation allows bacteria to share copies of their plasmids with eachother.

53
Q

Are ribosomes organelles?

54
Q

Are ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells?

55
Q

Are ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells?

56
Q

Ribosomes

A

molecules in the cells that facilitate synthesis of proteins from an RNA template

57
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA makes RNA makes Protein

58
Q

Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Smooth (SER)
Rough (RER)

59
Q

ER

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

60
Q

The primary role of Smooth ER is:

A

Lipid Synthesis

61
Q

The primary role of Rough ER is:

A

Protein Synthesis

62
Q

Why is Rough ER rough?

A

It is embedded with ribosomes giving it a rough appearance

63
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Packages, Sorts & Delivers Proteins

(essentially the postal service of the cell)

64
Q

Lysosome

A

Organelle containing digestive enzymes

65
Q

Chloroplasts

A

contain chlorophyll and use sunlight for photosynthesis to make glucose

66
Q

Mitochondria

A

the powerhouse of the cell
makes ATP through cellular respiration

67
Q

Important Parts of the Mitochondria

A
  • Outer Membrane
  • Inner Membrane
  • Crista (the folds of the inner membrane)
  • Matrix (the inside portion of the inner membrane)
68
Q

Proposed Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Lynn Margulis

69
Q

What is Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

A theory to describe the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts

-free living prokaryotes were taken into eukaryotes and survived and over time evolved into chloroplasts and mitochondria

Proposed by Lynn Magulis (1966)

70
Q

4 Pieces of Evidence spporting Endosymbiotic Theory:

A

Mitochondria & Chloropalts are:
1 - the same size as bacteria
2 - contains circular DNA like bacteria
3 - reproduce indepedently of host cell
4 - have prokaryotic-like ribosomes

71
Q

1st Piece of Evidence Supporting Endosymbiotic Theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts are about the same size as bacteria

72
Q

2nd Piece of Evidence Suuporting Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts contain circular DNA

73
Q

3rd Piece of Evidence Suuporting Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts reproduce independently of their host cell

74
Q

4th Piece of Evidence Suuporting Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have prokaryote-like ribosomes.

75
Q

Mycobacterium _______ a cell wall.

76
Q

Mycoplasma ________ a cell wall.

A

does not have

77
Q

cocci

78
Q

vibrio

A

comma-shaped

79
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped

80
Q

spirochete

A

spiral-shaped

81
Q

diplo-

82
Q

strepto-

82
Q

tetra-

82
Q

staphylo-

A

grape-like cluster

83
Q

sarcinae

A

cluser of 8

83
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia causes

A

walking pneumonia

84
Q

mycolic acid

A

a waxy lipid in the cell wall of mycobacterium

85
Q

Describe the Shape of a Pleomorphic Microorganism

A

no defined shaped because there is no cell wall to hold a set structure

86
Q

Does a Gram stain work on Mycobacterium?

A

No.
Because the mycolic acid makes it too hard to stain

87
Q

Bacterial Cell Walls Contain

A

Peptidoglycan

88
Q

Describe how Penicillin Works

A

Penicillin disrupts the cross-links between strands of Peptidoglycan in the cell wall. This weakens the cell wall and causes the cell to lyse in a hypotonic environment.

89
Q

Gram _______ Bacteria contains more Peptidoglycan than Gram ______ Bacteria.

A

Gram Positive Bacteria contains more Peptidoglycan than Gram Negative Bacteria.

90
Q

LPS

A

Lipopolysaccharide

91
Q

Lipid A is _____________.

A

an endotoxin

92
Q

What actually happens when the Decolorizer is added to Gram Negative Bacteria?

A

It dissolves the outer membrane and puts holes in the peptidoglycan layer below.

93
Q

L forms

A

bacteria that have lost their cell walls

94
Q

Do Eukaryotic Cells with a Cell Wall contain Peptidoglycan?

95
Q

Which Eukaryotic Kingdom Contains Chitin in its cell walls?

96
Q

Cellulose is found in the Cell Walls of

A

Plant
Some Algae
Some Fungi

97
Q

Glycocalyx

A

a coating around the cell walls of some bacteria

98
Q

3 Functions of the Glycocalyx

A

1) Helps Bacteria Avoid Phagocytosis by immune cells
2) Promotes Adherance #Biofilm
3) Prevents Desiccation

99
Q

Which 2 Genuses of Bacteria form Endospores?

A

Clostridium and Bacillus

100
Q

Endospores

A

Highly durable structures formed within the plasma membrane when a bacteria cell goes dormant due to a bad environment lacking in nutrients

Last resort for the bacteria— die or go dormant

101
Q

Sporulation

A

the formation of an endospore

102
Q

Germination

A

The process of an endoscope coming out of its dormant state to release a single metabolically-active bacteria

103
Q

Is germination a type of reproduction?

Microbiology (22 decks)

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