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From Organisms to Ecosystems - Lectures > Lecture 7. Animal Diversity: Reproductive Strategies > Flashcards

Lecture 7. Animal Diversity: Reproductive Strategies Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of reproduction ?

A
  1. Increase fitness

2. Get as many genes as possible into the next generation

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2
Q

What are the various challenges animals face when reproducing ?

A
  1. Choosing and finding a mate
  2. Ensuring fertilisation success
  3. Ensuring offspring survives to reproduce
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3
Q

What are the two types of interactions ?

A
  1. Intraspecific

2. Interspecific

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4
Q

What are intraspecific interactions ?

A

Interactions within species

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5
Q

What are some examples of intraspecific interactions ?

A
  1. Group living
  2. Competition
  3. Reproduction
  4. Sexual conflict
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6
Q

What are interspecific interactions ?

A

Interactions between species

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7
Q

What are some examples of interspecific species ?

A
  1. Predation and herbivory
  2. Competition
  3. Mutualism
  4. Parasitism and disease
  5. Pollination
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8
Q

What is an example of external fertilisation ?

A

Marine species releasing sperm and eggs into the water

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9
Q

What is the advantage of external fertilisation ?

A
  1. Mass spawning
  2. Energetically cheap
  3. Many offspring
  4. Overwhelms predators
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10
Q

What is the disadvantage of external fertilisation ?

A

No mate choice

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11
Q

What are the different types of mate systems ?

A
  1. Monogamy
  2. Polygyny
  3. Polyandry
  4. Promiscuity
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12
Q

What is monogamy ?

A

One male one female

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13
Q

What is polygyny ?

A

One male, multiple females

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14
Q

What is polyandry ?

A

One female, multiple males

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15
Q

What is promiscuity ?

A

Multiple males and multiple females

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16
Q

What is sexual selection a form of ?

A

Natural selection

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17
Q

What do traits selected in natural selection influence ?

A

Survival

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18
Q

What do traits selected for in natural selection influence ?

A

Mating success

19
Q

What is intersexual selection ?

A

Selection for traits that increase attractiveness to females

20
Q

What do birds of paradise display ?

A

Their brightly coloured feathers

21
Q

How do manikin birds attract mates ?

A

Perform a dance

22
Q

How do bowerbirds attract a female ?

A

Build bowers

23
Q

What is intrasexual selection ?

A

Selection for traits that increase success in fighting

24
Q

What do mates use in intrasexual selection and why ?

A

Ornaments to indicate their strength this reduces the need for costly unnecessary battles

25
Q

How did male choice evolve ?

A
  1. Good gene hypothesis

2. Sexy sons hypothesis

26
Q

What is the good genes hypothesis ?

A

Traits used in display and are energetically costly so give the female an honest signal about how good the males is at acquiring food or resisting disease.

27
Q

What is the sexy sons hypothesis ?

A

Traits used to fight or display will be passed on to the females sons, increasing their likelihood of mating in the future

28
Q

What can sexual selection drive ?

A

Speciation

29
Q

How does one ensure fertilisation ?

A

Get the sperm as close to the egg as possible often using an intromittent organ

30
Q

How does fertilisation in a cephalopds ?

A

Hectocotylus - one of the male arms has different tissues which allows it to become rigid with grooves down its arm. This arm then enters the female through a hole in its mantle

31
Q

What is the intromittent organ called in squamates ?

A

Hemipene

32
Q

What are some mechanisms that males have to ensure their sperm fertilises the female ?

A
  1. Male guarding

2. Remove sperm of other males

33
Q

How do males damselflies ensure their sperm reaches the female ?

A

Wheel position

34
Q

How do male lovebugs ensure their sperm reaches the female ?

A

Copulate for several days

35
Q

How do golden orb web spiders ensure their sperm reaches the female ?

A

The copulatory palp breaks off during mating acting as a post copulatory plug

36
Q

How do females invest more energy in offspring than males ?

A
  1. Eggs are bigger than sperm
  2. Incubating eggs
  3. Internal development of sperm
  4. Parental care
  5. Producing milk
37
Q

How do males maximise their fitness ?

A

Have as many offspring as possible and hope some survive

38
Q

How do females maximise their fitness ?

A

To have few, high quality offspring which survive

39
Q

What do drosophila so to prevent intersexual conflict ?

A

Use chemicals that kill the sperm of other males. But this may also damage the female

40
Q

How do bed bugs combat intersexual conflict ?

A

The males have needle like structures for traumatic insemination

41
Q

How do birds usually reproduce ?

A

Cloacal kiss

42
Q

What is interesting about the birds penis /

A
  1. Usually inverted inside the male
  2. Rapid eversion during mating
  3. Anticlockwise spiral
43
Q

What does more male-male competition result in ?

A

Longer duck penis

44
Q

What is interesting about duck vaginas ?

A
  1. They are clockwise spiral shaped
  2. When the female want to mate it relaxes its vagina so it straightens resulting in fertilisation
  3. In unwanted mating attempts the vagina remains spiraled and sperm very rarely reach the egg

From Organisms to Ecosystems - Lectures (37 decks)

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