Lecture 22. Animal Metabolism Flashcards
What is metabolism ?
The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in an organism
What does metabolism concern ?
The management of energy
Where do organisms need to maintain their organisation and equilibrium ?
In a chaotic environment
What would you describe animals as ?
Heterotrophs
What are heterotrophs ?
Need to consume food for fuel
What do animals take in ?
Chemical energy stored in food and convert it to other forms of energy to be used for various things
What is cellular respiration ?
The burning of fuel to produce ATP
What happens when ATP bonds are broken ?
Energy is released
What are the four main steps in cellular respiration ?
- Digestion of food
- Glycolysis
- Krebs
- Electron transport chain
How much ATP is produced in glycolysis ?
2
How much ATP is produced in the citric acid cycle ?
2
How much ATP is produced in the electron transport chain ?
34
Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic ?
Anaerobic
Is citric acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic ?
Aerobic
Is the electron transport chain aerobic or anaerobic ?
Aerobic
What is most of ATP generated by ?
Use of oxygen
How is oxygen delivered to tissues and muscles, when animals need short, rapid bursts of energy ?
Glycolysis as it is anerobic
What does metabolic rate determine ?
Food intake, lifespan, growth rate, climate resilience
What are some things metabolic rate is influenced by ?
- Body size
- Nutritional status
- Activity
- Temperature
- Age
- Time of day
What do bigger animals have ?
Higher metabolic rates
How does body size effect metabolic rate ?
As body size increases the per unit mass metabolic rate decreases for larger animals
How does temperature effect all organisms ?
Tends to exponentially elevate metabolic rates
How does activity affect animals metabolic rate ?
As activity increases so does metabolic rate
What do bigger animals tend to have in terms of travel costs ?
Lower mass specific travel costs
How do animals regulate their metabolic rates ?
Temperature and activity
How does torpor and hibernation regulate metabolism ?
Via limited activity and lower temperature
How does behavioral thermoregulation regulate metabolism ?
Via temperature
Why does a shark swim on its side ?
It uses its dorsal fin like a wing to reduce drag
What does a shark swimming on its side regulate metabolism by ?
Morphology and behavior
How can marine mammals stay under water for hours ?
They can store oxygen through having more blood and myoglobin
They also reduce swimming activity, heart rate and oxygen consumption
