Lecture 35. Marine Ecosystems: Estuaries

Question 1

What is natural capital ?

Answer 1

The worlds stock of natural assets

Question 2

What percentage of the earth does sea cover ?

Answer 2

70%

Question 3

What percent is the total space available to life on earth ?

Answer 3

98%

Question 4

What is deep sea defined as ?

Answer 4

More than 200m deep

Question 5

How many animal phyla are found in marine ecosystems ?

Answer 5

30

Question 6

How many animal phyla are only found in marine ecosytems ?

Answer 6

15

Question 7

What does biodiversity relate to ?

Answer 7

Ecosystem functioning

Question 8

What is ecosystem functioning ?

Answer 8

How nature provides clean, water, air, food

Question 9

How many species are associated with coral ?

Answer 9

600000-9million

Question 10

What are some blue solutions ?

Answer 10

1. Energy
2. Food security
3. Climate change
4. Human diseases

Question 11

What is pelagic ?

Answer 11

Floating in sea

Question 12

What are estuaries ?

Answer 12

where river meets sea

Question 13

How are estuaries defined ?

Answer 13

Usually based on salinity

Question 14

How are estuaries defined ?

Answer 14

Topography

Question 15

What are the groups of estuaries ?

Answer 15

1. Coastal plains
2. Bar built estuaries
3. Isostatic variation driven by tectonic activity

Question 16

How are coastal plains formed ?

Answer 16

Eustatic sea level rise or fjords

Question 17

What is an example of a coastal plain ?

Answer 17

Chesapeake Bay, USA

Question 18

How are bar built estuaries formed ?

Answer 18

Offshore deposits can casue barries across inlets - long island new york

Question 19

What is an example of isostatic variation driven by technotic movement ?

Answer 19

San Fransico Bay

Question 20

What else can estuaries be classified by ?

Answer 20

Tidal range

Question 21

What can effect tidal range ?

Answer 21

1. Size - The bigger the estuarie the larger tidal range

2. Shape

Question 22

What are the tidal range classifications ?

Answer 22

1. Microtidal
2. Mesotidal
3. Macrotidal
4. Hypertidal

Question 23

What is a tidal prism ?

Answer 23

The difference between the volume of water when the tide is in and when the tide is out

Question 24

What type of place is an estuarie to live ?

Answer 24

Extremely stressful

Question 25

How can tidal ranges be altered ?

Answer 25

Urbanisation

Question 26

What can estuaries be used for ?

Answer 26

Renewable energy

Question 27

What are the environmental factors that influence organisms in estuaries ?

Answer 27

1. Salinity 2. Sediment 3. Dissolved oxygen 4. Temperature

Question 28

Is there a unit for salinity ?

Answer 28

Not officially but some times psu is used (practical salinity unit)

Question 29

How does salinity vary ?

Answer 29

Along an estuary and with tidal cycle

Question 30

Where is a dramatic variation in salinity seen ?

Answer 30

Mid estuary area

Question 31

What type of salinity is used to calssify estuaries ?

Answer 31

Vertical salinity profiles

Question 32

What does salinity depend on ?

Answer 32

How well mixed the two water sources are

Question 33

What are intertidal mudflats ?

Answer 33

1. Soft fine silt 2. Suplorous odour 3. Difficult to walk on 4. Rich in organic material 5. Difficult to attach to 6. High secondary production

Question 34

What do areas with oxygen anf temperature have ?

Answer 34

1. High organic matter 2. Aerobic bacteria breakdown 3. Dissolved oxygen sag mid estuary 4. Made worse by human sactivity

Question 35

What does anaerobic breakdown produce in anaerobic breakdown ?

Answer 35

Methane and | hydrogen suplphide

Question 36

What can temperature do ?

Answer 36

1. Varys seasonally 2. Trigger migration 3. Affect microbial breakdown rates 4. Expect greater DO sags in summer 5. Impacts of industry

Question 37

What is the venice system ?

Answer 37

Based on salinity

Question 38

What are multiple dactors of the venice system ?

Answer 38

1. Zone 1 head 2. Zone 2 upper reaches 3. Zone 3 Middle reaches 4. Zone 4 Lower reaches 5. Zone 5 mouth

Question 39

What organisms would you find in estuaries ?

Answer 39

1. Head - freshwater 2. Upper- polycheates, nematodes, crustaceans 3. Mid-amphipods 4. Outer- Mussels, oysters, eels, salmon

Question 40

What happens after organic disturbance ?

Answer 40

Macrofaunal succession

Question 41

What are bioturbators ?

Answer 41

Mobile deposit feeders

Question 42

What are primarily estaurine fish ?

Answer 42

1. Smelt | 2. Mummichogs

Question 43

What is an estuary important for ?

Answer 43

Nursey

Question 44

What is the north atlantic oscillation index

Answer 44

The difference in pressure between Iceland and the Azures

Question 45

What is the north atlantic oscillation index related to ?

Answer 45

Weather patterns

Question 46

What does the north atlantic oscillation index affect ?

Answer 46

1. Fish diversity | 2. Growth and abundance