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From Organisms to Ecosystems - Lectures > Lecture 28. Life in Extreme Environments: Evolutionary Adaptations > Flashcards

Lecture 28. Life in Extreme Environments: Evolutionary Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the challenges for organisms abandoning life under water ?

A
  1. Desiccation of the body tissues, requiring some sort of waterproof coating
  2. Respiration of gaseous oxygen rather than oxygen dissolved in water
  3. Mechanical support (air is not as buoyant as water)
  4. Transport water and nutrients about plant
  5. Reduce need for water for reproduction
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2
Q

What are the abiotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms ?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Water
  3. Sunlight
  4. Wind
  5. Rocks and soil
  6. Periodic disturbances
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3
Q

What are the two factors that plants require strategies for ?

A
  1. Stress

2. Disturbance

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4
Q

What are some things that may prevent stress to plants ?

A

Light, water, nutrients, temperature

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5
Q

What is disturbance ?

A

Partial or total destruction of plants

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6
Q

What are some examples of disturbance ?

A
  1. Herbivory
  2. Wind
  3. Frost
  4. Fire
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7
Q

What does low stress and low disturbance result in ?

A

Competitors

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8
Q

What does high stress and low disturbance result in ?

A

Stress tolerators

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9
Q

What does low stress and high disturbance result in ?

A

Ruderals

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10
Q

What does high stress and high disturbance result in ?

A

Not viable

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11
Q

How may plants handle stress in tropical and temperate biomes ?

A

Avoid or tolerate

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12
Q

How may plants avoid the stress of lack of rainfall ?

A

Seeds dont germinate unless rain falls

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13
Q

How may a seed adapt to stress ?

A
  1. Ability of seed to sense environmental conditions

2. Sufficient resources and time to produce more seeds

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14
Q

How may animals avoid stress ?

A
  1. Physiological ability to slow down metabolic rate

2. Pre-hibernation food sources

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15
Q

How do plants in deserts tolerate stress ?

A

Stomata close during the day to prevent water loss and open at night

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16
Q

What is the function of the ANR gene ?

A

Required to tolerate extreme dehydration in mosses

17
Q

How can some plants tolerate the disturbance of forest fires ?

A

Seeds can only germinate after being burnt

18
Q

What are serotinous seeds ?

A

Can only germinate after being burnt

19
Q

What are the stresses of mangrooves ?

A

Salinity and oxygen

20
Q

How do mangroves help decrease the effect of tsunamis ?

A

Dissipate wave energy

21
Q

What are the two native angiosperms species found in antarctic region ?

A
  1. Deschampsia antartica - Antarctic hair grass

2. Colobanthus quitensis - Antarctic pearlwort

22
Q

What dominates Antarctic vegetation ?

A
  1. Mosses

2. Lichens

23
Q

What is the largest purely terrestrial animal species on Antarctica ?

A

Belgica antarticca - Antartic midge

24
Q

Give some characteristics of the Antartic midge ?

A
  1. Flightless
  2. 2-6mm long
  3. Can survive having its bodily fluids frozen
  4. Dark coloured to absorb heat
  5. Can survive 35% dehydration
  6. Spends 2 years as larva and 10 days as an adult
  7. Clumps together to avoid heat and moisture loss
25
Q

What do upwellings of deep water at the Antarctic convergence bring with them ?

A

Nutrients

26
Q

What two factors mean there is an abundance of phytoplankton ?

A
  1. Lots of nutrients

2. 24 hours in the summer

27
Q

What feeds of phytoplankton ?

A

Antarctic krill

28
Q

What is an Antarctic ocean not ?

A

An extreme environment

29
Q

What are the four levels of the sea ?

A
  1. Epipelagic zone
  2. Mesopelagic zone
  3. Bathypelagic zone
  4. Abyssopelagic zone
30
Q

What depth is the epipelagic zone ?

A

0-200m (normal sea creatures)

31
Q

What depth is the mesopelagic zone ?

A

200-1000m

32
Q

What depth is the bathypelagic zone ?

A

1000-4000m (specialised sea creatures)

33
Q

What depth is the abyssopelagic zone ?

A

4000m + deep sea trenches

34
Q

What are the problems of deep sea survival ?

A
  1. Extreme pressure
  2. Darkness
  3. Extreme cold
35
Q

How do blobfish (Psychrolutes marcidus) survive under pressure ?

A
  1. Small and gelatinous
  2. Reduced skeleton
  3. No swim bladder or other air spaces
    4.
36
Q

How doe sperm whales (Physeter catodon) survive extreme pressure ?

A

Ribs are bound by loose, bendable cartilage which allows the rib age to collapse under high pressure

37
Q

How do sea creatures avoid darkness ?

A

Bioluminescence

From Organisms to Ecosystems - Lectures (37 decks)

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