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From Organisms to Ecosystems - Lectures > Lecture 5. Animal Diversity II: Tetrapods and Human Evolution > Flashcards

Lecture 5. Animal Diversity II: Tetrapods and Human Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What are craniates ?

A

Chordates with a head

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2
Q

What are vertebrates ?

A
  1. Chordates
  2. Craniates
  3. With a backbone
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3
Q

What are gnathostomes ?

A
  1. Chordates
  2. Craniates
  3. Vertebrates
  4. With jaws
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4
Q

What are osteichthyans ?

A
  1. Chordates
  2. Craniates
  3. Vertebrates
  4. Gnathostomes
  5. With lungs or swim bladders
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5
Q

What are lobe fins ?

A
  1. Chordates
  2. Craniates
  3. Vertebrates
  4. Gnathostomes
  5. Osteichthyans
  6. With lobe fins
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6
Q

What is interesting about coelacanth ?

A

Evolved before tetrapods but still exist today

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7
Q

What do lobe fins have ?

A

Rod shaped bones projecting into their fins

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8
Q

What are tetrapods ?

A
  1. Chordates
  2. Craniates
  3. Vertebrates
  4. Gnathostomes
  5. Osteichthyans
  6. Lobe fins
  7. 4 limbs with 5 digits
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9
Q

What tetrapods still exist today ?

A
  1. Amphibians
  2. Reptiles
  3. Birds
  4. Mammals
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10
Q

What are the different classes of reptiles ?

A
  1. Parareptiles
  2. Turtles
  3. Crocodilians
  4. Pterosaurs
  5. Omithischian dinosaurs
  6. Saurischian dinosaurs other than birds
  7. Birds
  8. Plesiosaurs
  9. Ichthyosaurs
  10. Tuataras
  11. Squamates
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11
Q

What are birds technically a type of ?

A

Dinosaur

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12
Q

Why did tetrapods move to land ?

A
  1. Empty niches
  2. Avoid competition
  3. Safer places to lay eggs
  4. Avoid predators
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13
Q

What is needed to survive on land ?

A
  1. Skeletal support
  2. Lungs
  3. Limbs
  4. A neck
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14
Q

What is unique to lungfish ?

A

Use their fins to walk across the bottom of the water

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15
Q

What do lobe finned fishes show ?

A

Adaptations which pre-adapted them to life on land

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16
Q

What are fishapods ?

A

Part fish, part tetrapod

17
Q

When did tetrapods move to land ?

A

Devonian perio

18
Q

What was once thought about the Acanthostega ?

A

Once thought to be a land dweller but its skeleton could not have supported it on land

19
Q

What is Romer’s gap ?

A

The era 360-345 million years ago where there are very few fossils

20
Q

What did most tetrapods have before Romer’s gap ?

A

8 digits

21
Q

What is humans closest relative ?

A

The Pan troglodytes

22
Q

Why are humans special ?

A
  1. They have opposable thumbs
  2. Virtually hairless
  3. Use language to communicate
  4. Make and use tools
  5. Bipedal
  6. Foramen magnum is beneath the skull so we can hold our heads upright
  7. Our spine has a lumber curve which pulls our body weight over our pelvis
  8. Balance on one foot
  9. Large brains
23
Q

What allows us to articulate words ?

A

Unattached hyoid bone

24
Q

How do humans balance on one foot ?

A

The iliac blades of the human pelvis are tilted inwards to support internal organs

25
Q

Why do modern humans have larger brains than our ancestors ?

A

Linked to changing climate

26
Q

How did lactose tolerance evolve ?

A

A mutation in the lactase gene

27
Q

When does the ability to digest lactase disappear ?

A

Before adulthood in mammals

From Organisms to Ecosystems - Lectures (37 decks)

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