Lecture 26. Circulation and Gas Exchange in Animals

Question 1

What did William Harvey do ?

Answer 1

Correctly proposed how blood flows through animals

Question 2

What type of animals did William Harvey study ?

Answer 2

Studies lower vertebrates not just humans

Question 3

When is diffusion inefficient ?

Answer 3

Over large distances

Question 4

What do some simple animals have instead of circulation systems ?

Answer 4

Gastrovascular cavity and diffusion

Question 5

What are some examples of animals which do not have true circulatory systems ?

Answer 5

1. Sponges
2. Cnidaria
3. Flat worms

Question 6

What are the functions of a circulatory system ?

Answer 6

1. Respiratory gas transport
2. Nutrient and waste transport
3. Communication via hormones
4. Infection fighting
5. Wound healing
6. Heat transfer

Question 7

What are the two types of circulatory systems ?

Answer 7

1. Open circulatory system

2. Closed circulatory system

Question 8

What animals may have open circulatory systems ?

Answer 8

1. Arthropods

2. Some molluscs eg. clams

Question 9

What are some animals that have a closed circulatory system ?

Answer 9

1. Annelids
2. All vertebrates
3. Some molluscs eg. cephalopods

Question 10

What is an important substance in open circulatory system ?

Answer 10

Hemolymph

Question 11

What is the fluid used in a closed system ?

Answer 11

Blood

Question 12

What is the function of pumps ?

Answer 12

1. Transport fluid around the body
2. Muscular contractions
3. Generate flow and pressure
4. Regulate stroke volume and stroke rate

Question 13

What are the two types of closed circulation ?

Answer 13

1. Single

2. Double

Question 14

What types of animals have closed, single circulatory systems ?

Answer 14

Fish

Question 15

What sorts of animals have closed, double circulatory systems ?

Answer 15

Humans, amphibians

Question 16

What is the disadvantage of a double, closed circulatory system ?

Answer 16

Requires more energy

Question 17

What is the disadvantage of closed, single circulatory system ?

Answer 17

Blood pressure to tissues is lower

Question 18

What does plasma have ?

Answer 18

Low oxygen conductance

Question 19

How do red blood cells respire ?

Answer 19

Anaerobically

Question 20

What do red blood cells have ?

Answer 20

Respiratory pigments

Question 21

What do respiratory pigments carry ?

Answer 21

Oxygen

Question 22

Do red blood cells have mitochondria ?

Answer 22

NO

Question 23

What are respiratory pigments ?

Answer 23

Iron containing proteins that transport oxygen

Question 24

What is the main respiratory pigment in vertebrates ?

Answer 24

Haemoglobin

Question 25

What is the main respiratory pigment in invertebrates ?

Answer 25

Haemocyanin

Question 26

What do respiratory pigments have ?

Answer 26

High binding oxygen capacity

Question 27

What are some examples of respiratory organs ?

Answer 27

1. Gills 2. Lungs 3. Skin

Question 28

What are the three types of ventilation patterns ?

Answer 28

1. Non directional 2. Tidal ventilation 3. Unidirectional ventilation

Question 29

What is non directional ventilation patterns ?

Answer 29

Skin - fish, amphibians

Question 30

What is tidal ventilation ?

Answer 30

Enter and leave through same points - humans, reptiles

Question 31

What is unidirectional ventilation pattern ?

Answer 31

One way flow - birds, fish

Question 32

What are some problems associated with breathing underwater ?

Answer 32

1. 20 times less oxygen in water than in air 2. Water is much more viscous making ventilation more expensive 3. Rate of diffusion of oxygen through water is much slower than in air

Question 33

What is gas exchange ?

Answer 33

Oxygen absorbed, carbon dioxide excreted

Question 34

How do lampreys breath ?

Answer 34

Mouth is closed but expand and contract the branchial basket, allowing water in and out through gill slits

Question 35

How do sharks breath ?

Answer 35

Water comes into mouth, past gills and then out

Question 36

What is ram ventilation ?

Answer 36

Where animals swim constantly forward with their mouth open, forcing oxygenated water into mouth over gills

Question 37

What is the advantage of unidirectional flow of water across the gills ?

Answer 37

Countercurrent exchange

Question 38

What is countercurrent exchange ?

Answer 38

Blood flows in one direction and water flows in the opposite direction, it gives a much greater chance of diffusion and oxygen exchange

Question 39

What are gills composed of ?

Answer 39

Multiple arches

Question 40

What do arches consist of ?

Answer 40

Threadlike structures called filaments

Question 41

Where are filaments divided ?

Answer 41

In lamellae containing a capillary area

Question 42

What is the advantage of multiple arches ?

Answer 42

Maximises area of exchange

Question 43

What does gill structure correlate with ?

Answer 43

Lifestyle

Question 44

What do animals with high metabolic rates have ?

Answer 44

Larger gill surface area

Question 45

What is the caudal fin aspect ration ?

Answer 45

Measure of the shape of the fin

Question 46

What type of animal is a fish ?

Answer 46

Ectothermic

Question 47

How do some fish use countercurrent exchange ?

Answer 47

To elevate core temperature

Question 48

What is myoglobin ?

Answer 48

The oxygen storage protein

Question 49

How can animals dive under water for long periods of time ?

Answer 49

1. More red blood cells 2. Myoglobin 3. Reduce swimming activity 4. Reduce heart rate 5. Reduce oxygen consumption rate

Question 50

How does a rheodytes leukop respire ?

Answer 50

Through its cloaca

Question 51

What does the water vascular system in echinoderms double as ?

Answer 51

Respiration and locomotion