Lecture 36. Marine Ecosystems: Coastal Waters and Open Seas

Question 1

What does a food web show ?

Answer 1

Major links from detrivorous feeders to predators

Question 2

Why are estuaries in temperate regions important ?

Answer 2

Migrating birds

Question 3

What do birds feed on ?

Answer 3

Many trophic levels

Question 4

What do brent geese eat ?

Answer 4

Whole sea grass and are bioturbors

Question 5

What do waders eat ?

Answer 5

Invertebrates

Question 6

In terms of birds, how are they related to estuary size ?

Answer 6

1. Number of birds directly related to size of estuary

2. Amount of food available

Question 7

What is ideal free distribution ?

Answer 7

Best patch for birds has most prey and no predators or competitors

Question 8

What is game theory ?

Answer 8

Pay off depends on others

Question 9

Where is htere rarely ideal free distribution ?

Answer 9

Mudflats

Question 10

What is the opposite of ideal free distribution ?

Answer 10

Ideal despotic distribution

Question 11

What damages ideal free distribution ?

Answer 11

1. Territorial
2. Predatation, allele effect shifts
3. Interference
4. Depletion

Question 12

What are esturaies thought of in terms of biodiversity ?

Answer 12

Species poor

Question 13

What is an ecocline ?

Answer 13

A gradual transition

Question 14

What is a biosphere ?

Answer 14

A place where nature and culture connect

Question 15

What are shallow seas ?

Answer 15

Continental shelf seas/ shelf systems

Question 16

What percentage is shallow seas ?

Answer 16

8%

Question 17

What type of production occurs in shallow seas ?

Answer 17

Primary production mostly fisheries

Question 18

What are changes in primary production

Answer 18

1. Anthropogenics

2. Climate drivers

Question 19

What is a continental shelf ?

Answer 19

Low water to 200m in depth

Question 20

What is continetal shelf also known as ?

Answer 20

Neritic

Question 21

What are the physical forces involved

Answer 21

1. Glaciation
2. Waves
3. Currents
4. Water turbidity
5. Fronts

Question 22

What is seabed structure and larval dispersal determined by ?

Answer 22

Substratum and tidal currents

Question 23

What are macrofauna ?

Answer 23

Greater than 0.5mm

Question 24

What are meiofauna ?

Answer 24

0.5-0.063 mm mesh size

Question 25

What are microbiota ?

Answer 25

Less than 0.063 mm -cohesion

Question 26

What are epibiota ?

Answer 26

Anchored in or on substrate

Question 27

What are epiberithic ?

Answer 27

Attached to substrate

Question 28

Where do infauna live ?

Answer 28

Within sediment

Question 29

What are rocky substrata home to ?

Answer 29

Anchored organisms - kelps, sponges, corals

Question 30

What do mixed sediment animals do ?

Answer 30

Burrow or adapt

Question 31

What do boulders do in soft sediments

Answer 31

Act as refugia

Question 32

What are functional roles of biota ?

Answer 32

1. Particle feeders
2. Grazers
3. Predators and scavengers
4. Bioturbators

Question 33

What is bentho-pelagic coupling ?

Answer 33

The exchange of energy, mass, or nutrients between benthic and pelagic habitats.

Question 34

What are bioturbators ?

Answer 34

Burrowers and bulldozers

Question 35

How do bioturbators increase complexity of substrate?

Answer 35

Create mounds and pits

Question 36

What are biogenic reefs ?

Answer 36

Hard matter or reef created by living organism

Question 37

What are some examples which create biogenic reefs ?

Answer 37

1. Horse mussels
2. Maerl - red calcified algae
3. Kelp and oyster reef

Question 38

What is the vast majority of shelf sea ?

Answer 38

Soft substratum

Question 39

What is hard substratum occupied by ?

Answer 39

Sessile biota